Effects of Anhydrous Ammonia Treatment of Wheat Straw upon in Vitro Digestion, Performance and Intake by Beef Cattle

1983 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Saenger ◽  
R. P. Lemenager ◽  
K. S. Hendrix
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Anhydrous Ammonia

Upgrading wheat straw with urea at a tropical temperature: effects of amount of urea and moisture on in vitro digestibility and pH

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 212-212
Author(s):  
I.U. Haq ◽  
E. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Urea Treatment ◽  
Cow Urine ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
On Farm

Urea-ammonia treatment of straws in the tropics involves mixing 1.0 kg of air dry straw with 1.0 kg of a 40 g/kg urea solution and storing under plastic for at least 4 weeks (Schiere and Ibrahim, 1989). The economics of treatment is dependent on the cost of urea. Treatment cost would reduce, if on-farm-produced urine, e.g. cow urine, could be used as a source of urea. However cow urine is dilute and may contain only 10 g/kg urea or less (Owen, 1993). The present study therefore investigated varying concentrations of urea solution for treating wheat straw at a tropical temperature.

Upgrading wheat straw with urea at a tropical temperature: effects of amount of urea and moisture on in vitro digestibility and pH

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 212-212
Author(s):  
I.U. Haq ◽  
E. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Urea Treatment ◽  
Cow Urine ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
On Farm

Urea-ammonia treatment of straws in the tropics involves mixing 1.0 kg of air dry straw with 1.0 kg of a 40 g/kg urea solution and storing under plastic for at least 4 weeks (Schiere and Ibrahim, 1989). The economics of treatment is dependent on the cost of urea. Treatment cost would reduce, if on-farm-produced urine, e.g. cow urine, could be used as a source of urea. However cow urine is dilute and may contain only 10 g/kg urea or less (Owen, 1993). The present study therefore investigated varying concentrations of urea solution for treating wheat straw at a tropical temperature.

STRAW QUALITY OF CEREAL CULTIVARS BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT WITH ANHYDROUS AMMONIA

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. KERNAN ◽  
E. C. COXWORTH ◽  
W. L. CROWLE ◽  
D. T. SPURR
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Quality Attributes ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Anhydrous Ammonia ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Straw Quality

Straw components of 14 wheat, oat and barley cultivars grown at four locations, 1975–1976, were compared for feed quality attributes before and after ammoniation. Based on a combined statistical analysis, significant differences (P < 0.05) among cultivars occurred among and within crops for crude protein (CP), in vitro digestible organic matter (DOM) and crude fibre (CF) for untreated straw residues. Average CP and DOM levels were lowest for wheat (3.6 and 36.7%, respectively). Barley had the highest average CP (4.9%) and oats the highest average DOM (39.8%). Wheat straw had substantially higher average CF than either oats or barley. Straw from Pitic 62 wheat, Random oats and Fergus barley showed superior quality attributes (high DOM and CP, low CF) for their respective crops. Neepawa wheat straw appeared to have the poorest quality overall. The straws were treated with anhydrous ammonia (5% on a wt/DM basis) and left in a sealed container at 20° and 15% moisture for 6 days. Following ammoniation: all wheat cultivars had higher CP levels than the oat and barley cultivars; average improvements in CP for wheat, oats and barley were 8.1, 4.7 and 5.3 percentage units, respectively; average DOM levels were similar for wheat, oats and barley; average improvements in DOM were 8.6, 6.1 and 6.6 percentage units, respectively. Neepawa had significantly higher CP following ammoniation than the oat or barley cultivars and showed the highest improvement in DOM (10.1 percentage units). Based on DOM values of the wheat, oat and barley straws, the cultivars Pitic 62, Random and Fergus would still be preferred after ammoniation. There was little to choose between several cultivars within crops for CP content after treatment with ammonia.

IN VITRO DIGESTION OF WHEAT STRAW BY DIFFERENT RUMEN ANAEROBIC FUNGI

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 156-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. R. GORDON ◽  
J. R. ASHES
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Anaerobic Fungi ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Fiber Digestion

Two types of anaerobic fungi were isolated from the rumen of a sheep fed wheat straw. The fungus producing a mycelium in culture digested significantly more organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and cellulose from straw than the type producing a sporangium from "spherical bodies." Key words: Rumen, fungi, straw, fiber digestion

Effect of ammonia treatment on rate of adaptation of newly-housed store lambs to eating wheat straw

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 75-75
Author(s):  
A T Adesogan ◽  
E Owen
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Open Side ◽  
Behaviour Study ◽  
Nitrogen Contents

Earlier work has shown that newly-housed, previously-pastured lambs are reluctant to eat straw. This experiment monitored intake and diet-induced behaviour patterns in newly-housed lambs with the aim of determining the effect of ammoniation on rate of adaptation to straw diets.Sixteen, 35 kg lambs were selected from a flock of seven month old, Suffolk cross Mule lambs which had been pastured from weaning and had no previous experience of straw. Lambs were housed in October in individual, continuously- lit, open-side pens and fed untreated or ammonia-treated (100 1/t of 320 g/kg ammonia) winter wheat straw. Ammonia treatment was by the stack method (Sundstol and Coxworth, 1984) and the straw offered was collected in 20 kg wads every other day from stacks kept in an open-sided barn. A completely randomised design with eight replicate lambs per treatment was used to compare straw types. Sufficient straw was offered to allow daily refusals of at least 300 g/kg offered during the 21-day trial. A barley-based supplement was fed at 240 g dry matter (DM)/d. Nitrogen contents of both straw types were monitored with a LECO FP-228 automatic nitrogen determinator while the total content of neutral and acid detergent fibres were analysed using the method of Goering and Van Soest (1970). Thein vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD, Tilley and Terry, 1963) of the straw offered was also monitored. A concurrent behaviour study involved recording the activity (eating, drinking, idling or ruminating) every 5 minutes for 9 h on day 1 and 12 h on days 8 and 16 of the 21-day trial.

THE EFFECTS OF ANHYDROUS AMMONIA TREATMENT OF WHEAT STRAW AND STEAM COOKING OF ASPEN WOOD ON THEIR FEEDING VALUE AND ON RUMINAL MICROBIAL ACTIVITY. I. FEEDING VALUE ASSESSMENTS USING SHEEP

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. AL-RABBAT ◽  
D. P. HEANEY
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Aspen Wood ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Anhydrous Ammonia ◽  
Steam Cooking ◽  
Medium Quality ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Growth Trial

Steam-cooked aspen wood, anhydrous ammonia-treated and untreated wheat straw each made up 64% of high roughage rations, the remainder being composed of 25% alfalfa, 10% cottonseed meal plus minerals and vitamins. The three experimental diets, medium quality alfalfa hay and 50% grain ration were individually fed to four mature wethers, one diet at a time to all wethers, to assess intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance. The same diets were group-fed to lambs in a growth trial. Steam cooking of the wood resulted in an energy digestibility near that of the alfalfa but intake of the ration was lower than would be expected from the digestibility. Anydrous ammonia treatment of the wheat straw increased (P <.05) its energy digestibility dramatically. Performance of lambs in a growth trial indicated that the rations containing steamed wood and untreated straw were capable of sustaining only slight gains above maintenance, whereas the ammoniated straw ration contained considerable productive energy resulting in gains 86% higher than those on untreated straw and nearly equivalent to those obtained with the alfalfa.

Effect of ammonia treatment on rate of adaptation of newly-housed store lambs to eating wheat straw

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 75-75
Author(s):  
A T Adesogan ◽  
E Owen
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Open Side ◽  
Behaviour Study ◽  
Nitrogen Contents

Earlier work has shown that newly-housed, previously-pastured lambs are reluctant to eat straw. This experiment monitored intake and diet-induced behaviour patterns in newly-housed lambs with the aim of determining the effect of ammoniation on rate of adaptation to straw diets.Sixteen, 35 kg lambs were selected from a flock of seven month old, Suffolk cross Mule lambs which had been pastured from weaning and had no previous experience of straw. Lambs were housed in October in individual, continuously- lit, open-side pens and fed untreated or ammonia-treated (100 1/t of 320 g/kg ammonia) winter wheat straw. Ammonia treatment was by the stack method (Sundstol and Coxworth, 1984) and the straw offered was collected in 20 kg wads every other day from stacks kept in an open-sided barn. A completely randomised design with eight replicate lambs per treatment was used to compare straw types. Sufficient straw was offered to allow daily refusals of at least 300 g/kg offered during the 21-day trial. A barley-based supplement was fed at 240 g dry matter (DM)/d. Nitrogen contents of both straw types were monitored with a LECO FP-228 automatic nitrogen determinator while the total content of neutral and acid detergent fibres were analysed using the method of Goering and Van Soest (1970). Thein vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD, Tilley and Terry, 1963) of the straw offered was also monitored. A concurrent behaviour study involved recording the activity (eating, drinking, idling or ruminating) every 5 minutes for 9 h on day 1 and 12 h on days 8 and 16 of the 21-day trial.

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