0815 Nutritional immunology for the geriatric horse

A. A. Adams

doi:10.2527/jam2016-0815

Sodium Toxicity in the Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutritional Immunology of COVID-19

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina57080739 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 (8) ◽

pp. 739

Author(s):

Ronald B. Brown

Keyword(s):

Polycystic Ovary ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Dietary Factors ◽

Nutritional Epidemiology ◽

Dietary Sodium ◽

Ovary Syndrome ◽

Nasal Sinus ◽

Lower Socioeconomic ◽

Sodium Toxicity ◽

Nutritional Immunology

Dietary factors in the etiology of COVID-19 are understudied. High dietary sodium intake leading to sodium toxicity is associated with comorbid conditions of COVID-19 such as hypertension, kidney disease, stroke, pneumonia, obesity, diabetes, hepatic disease, cardiac arrhythmias, thrombosis, migraine, tinnitus, Bell’s palsy, multiple sclerosis, systemic sclerosis, and polycystic ovary syndrome. This article synthesizes evidence from epidemiology, pathophysiology, immunology, and virology literature linking sodium toxicological mechanisms to COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sodium toxicity is a modifiable disease determinant that impairs the mucociliary clearance of virion aggregates in nasal sinuses of the mucosal immune system, which may lead to SARS-CoV-2 infection and viral sepsis. In addition, sodium toxicity causes pulmonary edema associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome, as well as inflammatory immune responses and other symptoms of COVID-19 such as fever and nasal sinus congestion. Consequently, sodium toxicity potentially mediates the association of COVID-19 pathophysiology with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sodium dietary intake also increases in the winter, when sodium losses through sweating are reduced, correlating with influenza-like illness outbreaks. Increased SARS-CoV-2 infections in lower socioeconomic classes and among people in government institutions are linked to the consumption of foods highly processed with sodium. Interventions to reduce COVID-19 morbidity and mortality through reduced-sodium diets should be explored further.

Download Full-text

Perspectives

The Nature of Nutrition ◽

10.23943/princeton/9780691145655.003.0011 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Stephen J. Simpson ◽

David Raubenheimer

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Disease ◽

Amino Acids ◽

Life Span ◽

Early Life ◽

Extra Dimensions ◽

Primary Response ◽

Farmed Fish ◽

Nutritional Biology ◽

Nutritional Immunology

This concluding chapter looks at some of the big issues that remain in nutritional biology. Exploding protein into its constituent amino acids means having to deal with 19 extra dimensions, which is fine in theory but daunting in practice. However, such an expansion is what will be needed to understand the mechanisms of protein appetite, the role of protein in aging, obesity, and immune function, or the behavioral and metabolic consequences of replacing marine-based animal proteins with plant-derived alternatives in the diets of farmed fish. The next step will be to associate primary response variables such as life span, disease susceptibility, and fecundity with associated physiological, metabolic, and geometric responses. Other issues include nutritional epigenetics and early-life prevention of metabolic disease, human obesity, nutritional immunology, and modeling nutritional interactions.

Download Full-text

Nutritional Immunology: A Multi-Dimensional Approach

PLoS Pathogens ◽

10.1371/journal.ppat.1002223 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 7 (12) ◽

pp. e1002223 ◽

Cited By ~ 92

Author(s):

Fleur Ponton ◽

Kenneth Wilson ◽

Sheena C. Cotter ◽

David Raubenheimer ◽

Stephen J. Simpson

Keyword(s):

Dimensional Approach ◽

Nutritional Immunology

Download Full-text

History of Nutritional Immunology: Introduction and Overview

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/122.suppl_3.591 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 122 (suppl_3) ◽

pp. 591-596 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

William R. Beisel

Keyword(s):

History Of ◽

Nutritional Immunology

Download Full-text

International Nutritional Immunology Group

Nutrition Research ◽

10.1016/s0271-5317(05)80505-6 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 1169-1170 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R.K. Chandra

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Immunology

Download Full-text

NUTRITION AND HEALTH: COMPANION ANIMAL APPLICATIONS: Functional nutrition in livestock and companion animals to modulate the immune response

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa035 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elizabeth Ann Bobeck

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Immune Function ◽

Companion Animals ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Additional Layer ◽

Nutrition And Diet ◽

Microbial Infections ◽

Health Companion ◽

Nutritional Immunology

Abstract Advances in the understanding of how the immune system functions in response to diet have altered the way we think about feeding livestock and companion animals on both the short (weeks/months) and long-term (years) timelines; however, depth of research in each of these species varies. Work dedicated to understanding how immune function can be altered with diet has revealed additional functions of required nutrients such as vitamins D and E, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and minerals such as zinc, while feed additives such as phytogenics and probiotics add an additional layer of immunomodulating potential to modern diets. For certain nutrients such as vitamin D or omega-3 PUFA, inclusion above currently recommended levels may optimize immune function and reduce inflammation, while for others such as zinc, additional pharmacological supplementation above requirements may inhibit immune function. Also to consider is the potential to over-immunomodulate, where important functions such as clearance of microbial infections may be reduced when supplementation reduces the inflammatory action of the immune system. Continued work in the area of nutritional immunology will further enhance our understanding of the power of nutrition and diet to improve health in both livestock and companion animals. This review collects examples from several species to highlight the work completed to understand how nutrition can be used to alter immune function, intended or not.

Download Full-text