scholarly journals Litigating Economic, Social and Cultural Rights against Transnational Corporations in Indonesian Court

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 246
Author(s):  
Iman Prihandono
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Transnational Corporations ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Private Business ◽  
Human Rights Abuses ◽  
Cultural Rights ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Business Contract ◽  
Judicial Remedy ◽  
Private Corporations

States should take appropriate steps to ensure the effectiveness of domestic judicial mechanisms when addressing business-related human rights abuses. These steps may include ways to reduce legal, practical and other relevant barriers that could lead to a denial of access to remedy. To a certain degree, these problems exist in Indonesia’s judicial remedy mechanism. This article examines court decisions in five cases involving Transnational Corporations (TNCs). These decisions are examined to identify challenges and opportunities in bringing a case on ESC rights violations against TNCs. It is found that claim on ESC rights violation may be brought to the court, and the court has jurisdiction to entertain the case. However, of the five cases filed against TNCs, only in one case has the court decided in favour of the plaintiff. Most of the cases were rejected on procedural matters. This situation suggests that it remains burdensome for the victims of ESC rights violations to seek remedy at the court. There are procedural burdens that has to be faced by plaintiff when bringing ESC rights case against corporations, particularly TNCs. Nevertheless, there are new develop-ments in relation with pursuing ESC rights in court. One of the important development is private business contract between the govern-ment and private corporations may be annulled by the court, if the exercise of the contract would violate the government's obligation to fulfil human rights of the citizens

scholarly journals The Language Features and Translation of Business Contracts

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. p42
Author(s):  
Li Chunying
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
International Business ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Chinese Economy ◽  
Business Contract ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Opening Up

Since the reform and opening up policy was adopted, Chinese economy has been keeping on developing with high speed, so as to its international trade. Therefore, English business contracts are widely used in the foreign economic and trade activities. However, we also find that there are still many foreign-related economic disputes which mainly caused by the ambiguity of translation happening in these trades. Due to the unclear rules of the parties’ obligations and rights, the improper translation of the contract, the meaning vague and the loose broad, the parties are tracked in this situation where any part of them could intentionally or unintentionally exploited a contractual loophole to avoid responsibility and obligation, which would lead to a dispute. The distortion of translation can lead to the fuzziness and uncertainty of contract which can be easily exploited by commercial fraud to evade responsibility; this situation is happened in reality and practice which has negative impact on foreign relations and trade. In order to make the business activities carried out more effectively, this article will discuss it mainly from the perspective of lexical characteristics and translation principal of business contract in order to make the translation be more accurate to benefit international business trade.

scholarly journals Pandemi Corona Sebagai Dalil Force Majeure Dalam Pembatalan Suatu Kontrak

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1096-1104
Author(s):  
Viderina Khotaro ◽  
Vania Zelin Lawrence Simanjorang ◽  
Ronald Hasudungan Sianturi
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Government Action ◽  
Force Majeure ◽  
Business Contract ◽  
Research Type

This article aims to analyze the corona pandemic categorized in Force Majeure in a contract. This problem is focused on the existence of the Corona pandemic, which can make debtors delay in fulfilling achievements or canceling contracts. How to claim Force Majeuree in a business contract. In order to approach this problem, a normative juridical legal research type is used with a descriptive-analytic nature of research aimed at describing it systematically, factually. Data - data collected through secondary data and analyzed qualitatively. Covid-19 can be categorized as force majeure, used as an excuse for the debtor not to fulfill the contract. Force majeure conditions cannot be used as a reason for canceling a contract, but renegotiation can be carried out to cancel or change the contents of a previously agreed contract. With Covid-19 being able to make debtors delay in fulfilling their achievements or canceling contracts, Covid-19 is considered to be a force majeure depending on the meaning of force majeure if it is included in the contract. As long as the affected party is able to prove that the force majeure conditions have been met. How to claim force majeure in a business contract in the Covid-19 era, claim force majeure based on appropriate legal references. The claiming parties must analyze whether a pandemic, disaster or government action applies certain provisions including the scope of force majeure accommodated in the contract.

Negotiation by Software Agents in Electronic Business

2013 ◽  
pp. 327-349
Author(s):  
Nosheen Riaz ◽  
Moez Rehman
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Software Agents ◽  
Software Agent ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
Electronic Business ◽  
Semantic Web Technology ◽  
Human Agent ◽  
Business Contract ◽  
Business Negotiations ◽  
Language Content

Electronic negotiation is one of many applications that software agents can perform to facilitate electronic business. Negotiations between software agents and humans (hybrid negotiation), can make electronic business efficient and intelligent. It can save time, effort and other valueable resources by replacing the human in electronic business activities and many other domains. However, to enable hybrid negotiation, a software agent needs clear machine interpretable semantics to understand and generate natural language content. Although it is not simple to make natural language content understandable by software agents as a whole, it can be achieved in different domains--in this case electronic business. For this purpose, an example of hybrid negotiation is presented, in which a software agent and a human agent negotiate for a business contract. Problems involved in this negotiation process are partially resolved through ontologies (the main Semantic Web technology), NSS (negotiation support system) and hand written rules.

scholarly journals Pelaksanaan Perancangan Kontrak dalam Pembuatan Struktur Kontrak Bisnis

Acta Comitas ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 495
Author(s):  
I Gst. Agung Rio Diputra
Keyword(s):  
Research Result ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
Business Contract ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Precision And Accuracy ◽  
Contract Signing ◽  
Business Structure

In business activities in Indonesia, the contract is a basic framework that is used as a frame of relations for economic actors. Contract may give rise to rights and obligations for the parties to make the contract. Thus the contract is very important in doing business in Indonesia. This condition serves as background of this research in frame of disclosing (1) How the stages to design business contract?; and (2) How to create a contract business structure? The research usesa type of normative legal research with a conceptual and legal approach. Analysis of legal materials collected in this research performed by a descriptive, interpretative, evaluative and argumentative analysis. The research result indicated (1) The stages to design contract onsisting of pre-contract stage, contract signing phase and post-contract stage. In the making of an agreement or contract, the parties to observe some very basic principles in the making of such contract. The principles are to understand the terms of the validity of an agreement, and the principles and elements of an agreement; (2) In designing good and correct contracting of business contracts, it is necessary precision and accuracy of the parties making an agreement or contract. In addition must meet procedural requirements that meet subjective and objective requirements. A good contract must be clear and detailed, concerning the subject, its object and the obligations of the parties and the sanctions imposed on the parties, as well as the clarity of procedures and procedures for the implementation of sanctions, and not contrary to all legal norms relating to the contract. In addition, additional requirements which contain safety clauses for the interest of the parties are also required. Dalam kegiatan bisnis di Indonesia, kontrak merupakan kerangka dasar yang digunakan sebagai bingkai dari hubungan bagi para pelaku ekonomi. Kontrak dapat menimbulkan hak dan kewajiban bagi para pihak yang membuat kontrak tersebut. Dengan demikian kontrak sangat berperan penting dalam berbisnis di Indonesia. Kondisi ini melatarbelakangi penelitian ini dalam rangka mengetahui (1) Bagaimana tahapan perancangan kontrak bisnis? dan (2) Bagaimana pembuatan struktur kontrak bisnis?. Penelitian ini mempergunakan jenis penelitian hokum normatif dengan pendekatan konsep dan undang-undang. Analisis bahan hokum dilakukan secara deskriptif, interpretatif, evaluatif dan argumentatif analisis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan (1) Tahapan perancangan kontrak terdiri dari tahap prakontrak, tahap penandatangan kontrak dan tahap pasca kontrak. Pihak-pihak yang mrlakukan suatu perjanjian harus melihat prinsip yang menjadi dasar pada kontrak yang dibuat. Prinsip yang dimaksud seperti paham akan unsur dari perjanjian, asas dari perjanjian serta syarat sahnya suatu perjanjian; (2) Perlu cermat dan teliti oleh pihak-pihak yang melakukan suatu kontrak/perjanjian dalam merancang pembuatan struktur kontrak bisnis yang baik dan benar. Selain itu harus memenuhi syarat prosedural yaitu memenuhi syarat subjektif dan objektif. Sebuah kontrak yang baik harus jelas dan terperinci, menyangkut subjeknya, objeknya serta kewajiban para pihak beserta sanksi yang dibebankan terhadap para pihak, serta kejelasan cara dan prosedur pelaksanaan sanksi, serta tidak bertentangan dengan seluruh norma hukum yang terkait dengan kontrak. Selain itu diperlukan juga persyaratan tambahan yang berisi klausul pengaman untuk kepentingan para pihak.

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