scholarly journals Gait Coordination After Stroke: Benefits of Acoustically Paced Treadmill Walking

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (8) ◽  
pp. 1009-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvyn Roerdink ◽  
Claudine JC Lamoth ◽  
Gert Kwakkel ◽  
Piet CW van Wieringen ◽  
Peter J Beek
Keyword(s):  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Physical Therapist ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Treadmill Walking ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gait Symmetry ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Gait Coordination

Background and Purpose: Gait coordination often is compromised after stroke. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of acoustically paced treadmill walking as a method for improving gait coordination in people after stroke. Participants: Ten people after stroke volunteered for the study and comprised the experimental group. Nine elderly people who were healthy served as a control group. Methods: Gait cycle parameters, interlimb coordination, and auditory-motor coordination were examined while participants walked on a treadmill with and without acoustic pacing. Results: Stride frequency was adjusted to different acoustic pacing frequencies in all participants. In people after stroke, gait symmetry improved with acoustic pacing. They predominantly coordinated movements of the nonparetic limb to ipsilateral tones. Discussion and Conclusion: The results suggest that acoustically paced treadmill walking provides an effective means for immediately modifying stride frequency and improving gait coordination in people after stroke and, therefore, may be usefully applied in physical therapist practice. Future research directions for developing guidelines for using acoustically paced treadmill walking in physical therapist practice are discussed.

The Forward Testing Effect is Immune to Acute Psychosocial Encoding/Retrieval Stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-122
Author(s):  
Bernhard Pastötter ◽  
Bernadette von Dawans ◽  
Gregor Domes ◽  
Christian Frings
Keyword(s):  
Social Stress ◽  
Testing Effect ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Trier Social Stress Test ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Testing Condition

Abstract. The forward testing effect (FTE) refers to the finding that testing of previously studied information enhances memory for subsequently studied other information. Previous research demonstrated that the FTE is a robust phenomenon that generalizes across different materials and populations. The present study examined whether the FTE is robust under acute psychosocial encoding/retrieval stress. In each of two experimental conditions, participants studied three item lists in anticipation of final cumulative recall testing. In the testing condition, participants were tested immediately on lists 1 and 2, whereas in the restudy condition, they restudied lists 1 and 2. In both conditions, participants were tested immediately on list 3. Acute psychosocial stress was induced in participants prior to the encoding of item lists using the Trier social stress test for groups protocol. No stress was induced in a control group. Salivary cortisol, alpha amylase, and subjective stress were measured repeatedly to capture the biopsychological stress response. The results showed a significant FTE on list 3 recall, that is, testing of lists 1 and 2 enhanced the recall of list 3. No significant effect of stress on the FTE was observed, suggesting that the FTE is robust under acute psychosocial encoding/retrieval stress. The discussion provides suggestions for future research directions.

scholarly journals Facilitating Endurance Performance: The Effects of Cognitive Strategies and Analgesic Suggestions

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin S. Spink
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Pain Ratings ◽  
Subjective Pain ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
And Control

This study examined the effects of a cognitive strategy (dissociation) and an analgesic suggestion on the duration and pain ratings of individuals performing a muscular endurance task. Thirty-six individuals were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups: dissociation group, dissociation/analgesic group, and a control group. Measures of leg-holding times and subjective pain ratings were obtained twice, once before the treatment and once after the treatment. Results indicated that individuals in the dissociation/analgesic group performed significantly better on the posttest than individuals in the dissociation and control groups. No significant differences in reported pain ratings were found between any of the three groups. The findings are discussed in terms of alternative explanations. Future research directions are also provided.

The Effects of Drug Education Programs on Attitude Change

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward H. Brown ◽  
Andrew L. Klein
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Attitude Change ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Drug Education ◽  
Education Programs ◽  
Group A ◽  
Changing Attitudes ◽  
Experimental Group

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of drug education programs as a means of changing attitudes. Four major United States cities served as the experimental group. A completely randomized 2 × 4 factorial design was used to test the hypothesis. No significance was found at the .05 level indicating that presently drug education programs are not significantly effective in changing attitudes toward drug abuse. This was true for all four cities studied despite the light variations in their programs (cities x programs interaction, F = .02, 3, 8 df). Due to a lack of available data it was impossible to have a control group. It was concluded that future research is needed to determine if drug education programs are an effective means of changing attitudes.

scholarly journals How to Get Better: Taking Notes Mediates the Effect of a Video Tutorial on Number Series

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Benedikt Schneider ◽  
Jörn R. Sparfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Test Scores ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Number Series ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Video Tutorial ◽  
Sum Score ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Sum Scores ◽  
Open Question

In recent studies, test-score increases have been shown in rule-based intelligence test tasks, such as number series, after watching a corresponding video tutorial. An open question remains regarding the mechanisms involved. Specifically, taking notes to describe the relations between numbers might be linked to test scores, and is hypothesized to mediate the effect of a number series video tutorial on number series test scores. Therefore, an experimental group (EG) watching a number series video tutorial (n = 58) was compared with a control group (CG) watching an irrelevant tutorial (n = 52) before working on number series items. Results revealed higher number series scores in the EG than the CG (d = .48), more items with provided notes in the EG than in the CG (d = .41), and substantial correlations between the number of items with notes and the number series sum scores in both groups (EG: r = .66; CG: r = .75). The effect of the video tutorial on the number series sum score was mediated by the number of items with notes (indirect effect = 3.41, SE = 1.74). Theoretical and practical implications as well as future research directions are discussed.

Online Homework Managers and Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A Study of Their Impact on Student Learning in the Introductory Financial Accounting Classroom

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Hahn ◽  
Chris Fairchild ◽  
William B. Dowis
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Tutoring Systems ◽  
Intelligent Tutoring ◽  
Intelligent Tutoring System ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Online Homework ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Tutoring Systems ◽  
Future Research Directions

ABSTRACT: The online homework manager (OHM) and the intelligent tutoring system (ITS) are two supplemental teaching tools available for accounting educators' use in the introductory financial accounting course. While research related to these systems is limited, prior studies find a tenuous performance advantage related to their use. To advance the literature in this area, this paper evaluates the performance benefit related to an OHM and an ITS, each employed independently as an additional study aid during the first course unit in one of two sections of the introductory financial accounting course. A third section used paper-and-pencil only and served as a control group. Results of tests on several performance measures did not identify a learning advantage associated with either the OHM or the ITS. Nor was a learning advantage identified when this study's results were compared to exam results from 14 previous semesters. Implications for accounting educators and future research directions are discussed.

Teaching Grammar in Virtual Worlds

2018 ◽  
pp. 477-492
Author(s):  
Mariusz Kruk
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Virtual Worlds ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Control Group ◽  
School Students ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Grammar Tests ◽  
Teaching Grammar

The main aims of the chapter are to investigate the use of ActiveWorlds (AW) for teaching the English simple present tense as compared to traditional instruction and to find out the difference between the use of AW and traditional teaching when it comes to individual students. In the theoretical part, issues concerning virtual worlds are highlighted and some germane studies are discussed. The empirical part presents the outcome of the quasi-experimental study. It comprised three lessons and two groups of Polish senior high school students: the experimental group was subjected to instruction in AW and the control group was taught in a traditional way. The data were obtained by means of grammar tests and a post-questionnaire. The results show that both groups benefited from the instruction they received; however, the experimental learners' retention of the said grammar item turned out to be much superior when compared with the controls. In addition, the experimental students expressed more positive opinions on the lessons. Implications and future research directions are also offered.

scholarly journals The Sustainability of Motivation Driven by High Performance Expectations: A Self-Defeating Effect

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 4397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Li ◽  
Nana Li ◽  
Mengru Wu ◽  
Man Zhang
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Conservation Of Resources ◽  
Performance Expectations ◽  
Moderated Mediation Model ◽  
Task Autonomy ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Relationship

It is generally believed that having high performance expectations is an effective means of motivating employees to pursue excellence and sustain the motivation driven by it, while ignoring the negative impact that hinders the incentive to sustain such expectations. Drawing on the conservation of resources theory, we constructed a moderated mediation model to examine the relationship between supervisor’s high performance expectations and the employee’s territoriality utilizing data from 291 supervisor–subordinate dyads from two companies in China. The results revealed that task autonomy moderated the indirect and positive effect of high performance expectations on employees’ territoriality through stress, such that this indirect effect was stronger when employees were assigned to higher levels of task autonomy. The theoretical of these findings, as well as future research directions, are discussed.

A Pilot Study of Mobile Telephone Message Interventions with Suicide Attempters in China

Crisis ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Chen ◽  
Brian L. Mishara ◽  
Xiao Xian Liu
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Text Message ◽  
Text Messages ◽  
Mobile Telephone ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Quick Method ◽  
Suicide Attempters ◽  
To Receive

Background: In China, where follow-up with hospitalized attempters is generally lacking, there is a great need for inexpensive and effective means of maintaining contact and decreasing recidivism. Aims: Our objective was to test whether mobile telephone message contacts after discharge would be feasible and acceptable to suicide attempters in China. Methods: Fifteen participants were recruited from suicide attempters seen in the Emergency Department in Wuhan, China, to participate in a pilot study to receive mobile telephone messages after discharge. All participants have access to a mobile telephone, and there is no charge for the user to receive text messages. Results: Most participants (12) considered the text message contacts an acceptable and useful form of help and would like to continue to receive them for a longer period of time. Conclusions: This suggests that, as a low-cost and quick method of intervention in areas where more intensive follow-up is not practical or available, telephone messages contacts are accessible, feasible, and acceptable to suicide attempters. We hope that this will inspire future research on regular and long-term message interventions to prevent recidivism in suicide attempters.

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