scholarly journals Prosocial Behaviour- A Major Determinant of Helping People in Health Emergency

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sajithkumar P ◽  
Dr. Ratna Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Prosocial Behaviour ◽  
Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Prosocial behaviour refers to the behaviours that benefit people (Penner, Dovidio, Piliavin, & Schroder, 2005). Prosocial behaviours are performed to benefit others, rather than to benefit the self. Typically, pro-social behaviors are an outgrowth of positive experiences and emotions (Aydinli et al, 2013). Feelings of empathy, compassion, and sympathy are also associated with helping, particularly when individuals recognize a moral obligation to care for others. According to World Health Organization, Pro-social behavior can emerge, however, from traumatic and painful experiences. Cardiac arrest is a major public health issue, with more than 500000 deaths of children and adults per year even in developed countries. Despite significant scientific advances in care of cardiac arrest victims, there remain striking disparities in survival rates for both in-hospital and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. It is seen that survival can vary among geographic regions by as much as 6-fold for victims in pre-hospital setting. For out of hospital cardiac arrest victims, the key determinants of survival are the timely performance of first responder or bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillation for those in ventricular fibrillation and pulse less ventricular tachycardia. Only a minority of cardiac arrest victims receive potentially lifesaving bystander CPR, thus indicating that there should be some hindrances for the first responders from the general public to perform this in the right time (Bhanji et al, 2015).

scholarly journals Incidence and Outcomes of Out‐of‐Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Singapore and Victoria: A Collaborative Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (21) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shir Lynn Lim ◽  
Karen Smith ◽  
Kylie Dyson ◽  
Siew Pang Chan ◽  
Arul Earnest ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Emergency Medical Services ◽  
Prehospital Care ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
World Health ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
Emergency Medical ◽  
Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Background Incidence and outcomes of out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) vary between communities. We aimed to examine differences in patient characteristics, prehospital care, and outcomes in Singapore and Victoria. Methods and Results Using the prospective Singapore Pan‐Asian Resuscitation Outcomes Study and Victorian Ambulance Cardiac Arrest Registry, we identified 11 061 and 32 003 emergency medical services‐attended adult OHCAs between 2011 and 2016 respectively. Incidence and survival rates were directly age adjusted using the World Health Organization population. Survival was analyzed with logistic regression, with model selection via backward elimination. Of the 11 061 and 14 834 emergency medical services‐treated OHCAs (overall mean age±SD 65.5±17.2; 67.4% males) in Singapore and Victoria respectively, 11 054 (99.9%) and 5595 (37.7%) were transported, and 440 (4.0%) and 2009 (13.6%) survived. Compared with Victoria, people with OHCA in Singapore were older (66.7±16.5 versus 64.6±17.7), had less shockable rhythms (17.7% versus 30.3%), and received less bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (45.7% versus 58.5%) and defibrillation (1.3% versus 2.5%) (all P <0.001). Age‐adjusted OHCA incidence and survival rates increased in Singapore between 2011 and 2016 ( P <0.01 for trend), but remained stable, though higher, in Victoria. Likelihood of survival increased significantly ( P <0.001) with arrest in public locations (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.81), witnessed arrest (aOR 2.14), bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (aOR 1.72), initial shockable rhythm (aOR 9.82), and bystander defibrillation (aOR 2.04) but decreased with increasing age (aOR 0.98) and emergency medical services response time (aOR 0.91). Conclusions Singapore reported increasing OHCA incidence and survival rates between 2011 and 2016, compared with stable, albeit higher, rates in Victoria. Survival differences might be related to different emergency medical services practices including patient selection for resuscitation and transport.

Virtual reality training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation in schools

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 365-372
Author(s):  
Nigel Rees ◽  
Lee Beever ◽  
Neil Vaughan ◽  
Carl Powell ◽  
Adam Fletcher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Computer Scientists ◽  
Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Uk

The UK average survival rate from out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is 8.6%, which is significantly lower than in comparable countries where survival rates can exceed 20%. A cardiac arrest victim is two to four times more likely to survive OHCA with bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Mandatory teaching of CPR in schools is an effective way, endorsed by the World Health Organization, to train the entire population and improve the bystander CPR rate. Despite this, as with other UK home nations, there is significant variation in provision of CPR training within schools in Wales. Virtual reality (VR) technology offers an accessible, immersive way to teach CPR skills to schoolchildren. Computer scientists at the University of Chester and the Welsh Ambulance Services NHS Trust developed Virtual Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (VCPR), which can be used to teach children CPR skills. There were three stages: identifying requirements and specifications; development of a prototype; and management—development of software, further funding and exploring opportunities for commercialisation.

scholarly journals The influence of past experiences on future willingness to perform bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keng Sheng Chew ◽  
Shazrina Ahmad Razali ◽  
Shirly Siew Ling Wong ◽  
Aisyah Azizul ◽  
Nurul Faizah Ismail ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Chest Compression ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Spontaneous Circulation ◽  
Cardiac Events ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Abstract Background The influence of past familial experiences of receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and medical help in various cardiac arrest and nonfatal cardiac events toward willingness to “pay it forward” by helping the next cardiac arrest victim was explored. Methods Using a validated questionnaire, 6248 participants were asked to rate their willingness to perform bystander chest compression with mouth-to-mouth ventilation and chest compression-only CPR. Their past familial experiences of receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and medical help in various cardiac arrest and nonfatal cardiac events were also recorded. Results Kruskal-Wallis test with post hoc Dunn’s pairwise comparisons showed that the following were significantly more willing to perform CPR with mouth-to-mouth ventilation: familial experience of “nonfatal cardiac events” (mean rank = 447) vs “out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with no CPR” (mean rank = 177), U = 35442.5, z = −2.055, p = 0.04; “in-hospital cardiac arrest and successful CPR” (mean rank = 2955.79) vs “none of these experiences” (mean rank = 2468.38), U = 111903, z = −2.60, p = 0.01; and “in-hospital cardiac arrest with successful CPR” (mean rank = 133.45) vs “out-of-hospital arrest with no CPR” (mean rank = 112.36), U = 4135.5, z = −2.06, p = 0.04. For compression-only CPR, Kruskal-Wallis test with multiple runs of Mann-Whitney U tests showed that “nonfatal cardiac events” group was statistically higher than the group with “none of these experiences” (mean rank = 3061.43 vs 2859.91), U = 1194658, z = −2.588, p = 0.01. The groups of “in-hospital cardiac arrest with successful CPR” and “in-hospital cardiac arrest with transient return of spontaneous circulation” were the most willing groups to perform compression-only CPR. Conclusion Prior familial experiences of receiving CPR and medical help, particularly among those with successful outcomes in a hospital setting, seem to increase the willingness to perform bystander CPR.

scholarly journals Implementation of a National 5‐Year Plan for Prehospital Emergency Care in Singapore and Impact on Out‐of‐Hospital Cardiac Arrest Outcomes From 2011 to 2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (21) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Fu Wah Ho ◽  
Nurun Nisa Amatullah De Souza ◽  
Audrey L. Blewer ◽  
Win Wah ◽  
Nur Shahidah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Emergency Care ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Prehospital Emergency Care ◽  
Shockable Rhythm ◽  
Automated External Defibrillation ◽  
Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Prehospital Emergency ◽  
Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Background Outcomes of patients from out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) vary widely globally because of differences in prehospital systems of emergency care. National efforts had gone into improving OHCA outcomes in Singapore in recent years including community and prehospital initiatives. We aimed to document the impact of implementation of a national 5‐year Plan for prehospital emergency care in Singapore on OHCA outcomes from 2011 to 2016. Methods and Results Prospective, population‐based data of OHCA brought to Emergency Departments were obtained from the Pan‐Asian Resuscitation Outcomes Study cohort. The primary outcome was Utstein (bystander witnessed, shockable rhythm) survival‐to‐discharge or 30‐day postarrest. Mid‐year population estimates were used to calculate age‐standardized incidence. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify prehospital characteristics associated with survival‐to‐discharge across time. A total of 11 465 cases qualified for analysis. Age‐standardized incidence increased from 26.1 per 100 000 in 2011 to 39.2 per 100 000 in 2016. From 2011 to 2016, Utstein survival rates nearly doubled from 11.6% to 23.1% ( P =0.006). Overall survival rates improved from 3.6% to 6.5% ( P <0.001). Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation rates more than doubled from 21.9% to 56.3% and bystander automated external defibrillation rates also increased from 1.8% to 4.6%. Age ≤65 years, nonresidential location, witnessed arrest, shockable rhythm, bystander automated external defibrillation, and year 2016 were independently associated with improved survival. Conclusions Implementation of a national prehospital strategy doubled OHCA survival in Singapore from 2011 to 2016, along with corresponding increases in bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and bystander automated external defibrillation. This can be an implementation model for other systems trying to improve OHCA outcomes.

Resuscitation for Patients with Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: Singapore

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghee Hian Lim ◽  
Eillyne Seow
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Pulseless Electrical Activity ◽  
Spontaneous Circulation ◽  
Very High Frequency ◽  
Traumatic Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Hospital Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Very High

AbstractAim:To evaluate characteristics and outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients presenting to the Emergency Department (ED), and to examine factors that could be used to determine to prolong or abort resuscitation for these patients.Method:All OHCA patients presenting to the ED were studied over a three-month period from November 2001 through January 2002. Patient with traumatic cardiac arrest were excluded. Data were collected from the ambulance case records, ED resuscitation charts, and the ED Very High Frequency (VHF) radio case-log sheet. Information collected included the patient's demographic characteristics, timings (time from call to ambulance arrival on scene, time from arrival at scene to departure from scene, time from scene to arrival in the ED) recorded in the pre-hospital setting, the outcome of the resuscitation, and the final outcome for patients who survived ED resuscitation.Results:Ninety-three non-traumatic patients with an OHCA were studied during the three-month period. Of the 93 patients, 15 (16.1%) survived ED resuscitation, and one survived to hospital discharge. There were no statistically significant differences for age, race, or gender with regards to the outcome of the resuscitation. The initial cardiac rhythms were asystole (65), pulseless electrical activity (21), and ventricular fibrillation (7). Fourteen (15%) received bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). All seven patients with return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) on arrival in the ED survived ED resuscitation. The ambulance took an average of 11.80 ±3.36 minutes for the survivors and 11.8 ±4.22 minutes for the non-survivors from the time of call to get to these patients. The average of the scene times was 12.5 ±4.61 minutes for the survivors and 12.0 ±4.02 minutes for the non-survivors. Transport time from the scene to the ED took an average of 39.1 ±8.32 minutes for the survivors and 37.2 ±9.00 minutes for the non-survivors.Conclusion:The survival rate for patients with OHCA after ED resuscitation is similar to the results from other studies. There is a need to increase the awareness and delivery of basic life support by public education. Automatic External Defibrillators (AED) should be available widely to ensure that the chance of early defibrillation is increased. Prolonged resuscitation efforts appear to be futile for OHCA patients if the time from cardiac arrest until arrival in the ED is ≥30 minutes coupled with no ROSC, and if continuous asystole has been documented for >10 minutes.

Abstract 18304: Are Prolonged Resuscitation Efforts Worthwhile? Patient Outcomes by Time to Restoration of Spontaneous Circulation in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Patients

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 132 (suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristian Kragholm ◽  
Monique Anderson ◽  
Carolina Malta Hansen ◽  
Phillip J. Schulte ◽  
Michael C. Kurz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Neurological Outcome ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Spontaneous Circulation ◽  
Significant Survival ◽  
Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Bystander Cpr ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Favorable Neurological Outcome ◽  
Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Introduction: How long resuscitation attempts should be continued before termination of efforts is not clear in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). We studied outcomes in patients with return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) across quartiles of time from 9-1-1 call to ROSC. Hypothesis: Survival with favorable neurological outcome is seen in all time intervals from 9-1-1 call to ROSC. Methods: Using data from Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) Prehospital Resuscitation clinical trials: IMpedance valve and an Early vs. Delayed analysis (PRIMED) available via National Institute of Health, patients with ROSC not witnessed by the emergency medical service (EMS) were identified and grouped by quartiles of time from 9-1-1 call to ROSC. We defined favorable neurological outcome as modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores of ≤3. Results: Included were 3,431 OHCA patients with ROSC. Median time from 9-1-1 call to ROSC was 22.8 min (25%-75% 17 min–29.2 min); 953 (27.8%) survived to discharge (20.4% mRS ≤3). Significant survival and favorable neurological outcome were seen in each quartile (Figure). In patients who received bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), survival rates were 60.9%, 33.2%, 18.3% and 11.1% across quartiles of time to ROSC versus (vs.) 51.5%, 25.6%, 13.3% and 8.9% in patients without bystander CPR; corresponding rates of favorable neurological outcome were 50.7%, 23.8%, 12.2% and 9.1% vs. 40.1%, 16.6%, 8% and 4.8%. Correspondingly, survival rates in defibrillated patients were 70.1%, 45.9%, 25.5% and 16.4% vs. 36.3%, 9.5%, 6% and 3.4% in non-defibrillated patients; corresponding rates of favorable neurological outcome were 59.8%, 33.4%, 18.3% and 11.4% vs. 24.4%, 4.1%, 1.9% and 1.8%. Conclusions: Survival with favorable neurological outcome was seen in all quartiles of time to ROSC, even in cases without bystander CPR or shocks delivered. This suggests that EMS personnel should not terminate resuscitation efforts too early.

scholarly journals Association between the body mass index and outcomes of patients resuscitated from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a prospective multicentre registry study

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heekyung Lee ◽  
◽  
Jaehoon Oh ◽  
Hyunggoo Kang ◽  
Tae Ho Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
World Health ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Neurologic Outcomes ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Abstract Background The effects of the body mass index (BMI) on outcomes of patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest are controversial. Therefore, the current study investigated the association between the BMI and the favourable neurologic outcomes and survival to discharge of patients resuscitated from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Methods This multicentre, prospective, nationwide OHCA registry-based study was conducted using data from the Korean Cardiac Arrest Resuscitation Consortium (KoCARC). We enrolled hospitals willing to collect patient height and weight and included patients who survived to the hospital between October 2015 and June 2018. The included patients were categorised into the underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (≥18.5 to < 25 kg/m2), overweight (≥25 to < 30 kg/m2), and obese groups (≥30 kg/m2) according to the BMI per the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. The primary outcome was a favourable neurologic outcome; the secondary outcome was survival to discharge. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to investigate the association between BMI and outcomes. Results Nine hospitals were enrolled; finally, 605 patients were included in our analysis and categorised per the WHO BMI classification. Favourable neurologic outcomes were less frequent in the underweight BMI group than in the other groups (p = 0.002); survival to discharge was not significantly different among the BMI groups (p = 0.110). However, the BMI classification was not associated with favourable neurologic outcomes or survival to discharge after adjustment in the multivariate model. Conclusion The BMI was not independently associated with favourable neurologic and survival outcomes of patients surviving from OHCA.

scholarly journals Effects of Prehospital Factors on Survival of Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Patients: Age-Dependent Patterns

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (15) ◽  
pp. 5481
Author(s):  
Bo Yoon Rhee ◽  
Boram Kim ◽  
Yo Han Lee
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Survival Status ◽  
Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Final Survival ◽  
Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Many prehospital factors that are known to influence survival rates after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) have been rarely studied as to how their influence varies depending on the age. In this study, we tried to find out what prehospital factors affect the survival rate after OHCA by age groups and how large the effect size of those factors is in each age group. We used the South Korean OHCA registry, which includes information on various prehospital factors relating OHCA and final survival status. The association between prehospital factors and survival was explored through logistic regression analyses for each age group. The effects of prehospital factors vary depending on the patient’s age. Being witnessed was relatively more influential in younger patients and the presence of first responders became more important as patients became older. While bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) did not appear to significantly affect survival in younger people, use of an automated external defibrillator (AED) showed the largest effect size on the survival in all age groups. Since the pathophysiology and etiologies of OHCA vary according to age, more detailed information on life support by age is needed for the development and application of more specialized protocols for each age.

April 20 to 26, 2020 – World Immunization Week

2020 ◽  
pp. 76-79
Author(s):  
Oksana Rybachok
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Pneumococcal Infections ◽  
Preventive Vaccination ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Third World

Infectious diseases in the modern world continue to claim millions of human lives despite the achievements of medicine. While in developed countries the main cause of death is cancer and diseases of the cardiovascular system, it is the infectious processes that occupy leading positions in the structure of mortality in the third world countries. About 1.7 million children die from infections that could have been avoided by vaccination according to the World Health Organization. In contrast to the countries of Western Europe, where preventive vaccinations for the population are carried out for a fee, preventive vaccination in the Russian Federation is funded by the state. Immunoprophylaxis includes not only prevention of 12 major infections included in the calendar of preventive vaccinations (diphtheria, polio, tetanus, whooping cough, tuberculosis, measles, rubella, mumps, hepatitis B, pneumococcal infections and haemophilus influenzae, influenza), but also vaccination against 17 additional infections in case of epidemiological indications.

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