Cone-of-Silence Predictions Using RANS-Based Jet Noise Prediction Method

Many turbofan engine exhaust designs feature internal forced mixers to rapidly mix the hot core flow with the cold bypass flow before the nozzle exit, primarily to enhance mixing and thus improve Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC). Although the design is intended for performance improvement, it may also considerably reduce low frequency noise because of the lower relative mixed jet velocity compared to a confluent nozzle. In reality, the presence of the mixer adds complexity to the jet flow fields and additional high frequency source noise commonly labeled “mixer excess noise”. There is no industry standard on predicting such jet noise contribution. As a remedy to this, a new method was recently developed by the Institute of Sound and Vibration Research (ISVR), UK, and Purdue University, USA, under the AeroAcoustics Research Consortium (AARC) contract to predict jet noise of lobed mixers. The method essentially relies on SAE ARP876D or ESDU98019 far field noise spectra predicted for single stream jets, with appropriate filtering to decompose the spectrum into an enhanced jet spectrum and a fully mixed jet spectrum. The process is similar to the four source model earlier developed for the coplanar separate flow jets. In addition to mixer flow parameters, the prediction method requires the knowledge of two parameters related to mixer excess noise: a turbulence factor Fm, defined as the ratio of the turbulence in a forced mixer to the ‘normal’ turbulence in a single-stream mixed jet at equal distances downstream of the nozzle; and LenJ that represents the axial length of the effective jet over which Fm exceeds unity. Extensive analysis of NASA scale model lobed mixers noise data showed that the method is promising. RANS CFD was also performed to numerically determine equivalent turbulence scales based on the turbulent kinetic energy in forced mixer jets relative to confluent mixer jets. The present paper extends this work, refining the prediction method and providing validation of the new method with full-scale engine noise data. In addition, the potential of CFD to enhance noise prediction for lobed mixer jets by providing the turbulence scales needed for the empirical model is further investigated. A new definition of the equivalent CFD turbulence parameters is proposed that agrees well with those derived from empirical jet noise model. Comparison of the CFD results with NASA PIV data for a confluent mixer configuration showed that the CFD methodology is not yet fully mature and additional work is required. However, the resolution of the mixer turbulence scales predicted by CFD analysis is sufficient to identify noise trends between two mixer designs. As a result, CFD is seen as a tool with the potential to identify mixer designs that result in lower jet noise.

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Development of a Jet Noise Prediction Method for Installed Jet Configurations

9th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference and Exhibit ◽

10.2514/6.2003-3169 ◽

2003 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Craig Hunter ◽

Russell Thomas

Keyword(s):

Jet Noise ◽

Prediction Method ◽

Noise Prediction

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Selection of a leading edge noise prediction method for PNoise

The Academic Society Journal ◽

10.32640/tasj.2018.4.214 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 214-223

Author(s):

AM Faria ◽

MM Pimenta ◽

JY Saab Jr. ◽

S Rodriguez

Keyword(s):

Wind Turbine ◽

Turbine Blades ◽

Prediction Method ◽

Leading Edge ◽

Wind Farms ◽

Broadband Noise ◽

Turbulence Energy ◽

Noise Prediction ◽

Migration Routes ◽

Turbulent Inflow

Wind energy expansion is worldwide followed by various limitations, i.e. land availability, the NIMBY (not in my backyard) attitude, interference on birds migration routes and so on. This undeniable expansion is pushing wind farms near populated areas throughout the years, where noise regulation is more stringent. That demands solutions for the wind turbine (WT) industry, in order to produce quieter WT units. Focusing in the subject of airfoil noise prediction, it can help the assessment and design of quieter wind turbine blades. Considering the airfoil noise as a composition of many sound sources, and in light of the fact that the main noise production mechanisms are the airfoil self-noise and the turbulent inflow (TI) noise, this work is concentrated on the latter. TI noise is classified as an interaction noise, produced by the turbulent inflow, incident on the airfoil leading edge (LE). Theoretical and semi-empirical methods for the TI noise prediction are already available, based on Amiet’s broadband noise theory. Analysis of many TI noise prediction methods is provided by this work in the literature review, as well as the turbulence energy spectrum modeling. This is then followed by comparison of the most reliable TI noise methodologies, qualitatively and quantitatively, with the error estimation, compared to the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings solution for computational aeroacoustics. Basis for integration of airfoil inflow noise prediction into a wind turbine noise prediction code is the final goal of this work.

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Jet-Surface Interaction Test: Far-Field Noise Results

Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power ◽

10.1115/1.4023605 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 135 (7) ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Clifford A. Brown

Keyword(s):

High Speed ◽

Radial Distance ◽

Jet Noise ◽

Surface Interaction ◽

Shielding Effect ◽

Noise Prediction ◽

Far Field ◽

Wide Range ◽

Field Noise ◽

Surface Length

Many configurations proposed for the next generation of aircraft rely on the wing or other aircraft surfaces to shield the engine noise from the observers on the ground. However, the ability to predict the shielding effect and any new noise sources that arise from the high-speed jet flow interacting with a hard surface is currently limited. Furthermore, quality experimental data from jets with surfaces nearby suitable for developing and validating noise prediction methods are usually tied to a particular vehicle concept and, therefore, very complicated. The Jet-Surface Interaction Tests are intended to supply a high quality set of data covering a wide range of surface geometries and positions and jet flows to researchers developing aircraft noise prediction tools. The initial goal is to measure the noise of a jet near a simple planar surface while varying the surface length and location in order to: (1) validate noise prediction schemes when the surface is acting only as a jet noise shield and when the jet-surface interaction is creating additional noise, and (2) determine regions of interest for future, more detailed, tests. To meet these objectives, a flat plate was mounted on a two-axis traverse in two distinct configurations: (1) as a shield between the jet and the observer and (2) as a reflecting surface on the opposite side of the jet from the observer. The surface length was varied between 2 and 20 jet diameters downstream of the nozzle exit. Similarly, the radial distance from the jet centerline to the surface face was varied between 1 and 16 jet diameters. Far-field and phased array noise data were acquired at each combination of surface length and radial location using two nozzles operating at jet exit conditions across several flow regimes: subsonic cold, subsonic hot, underexpanded, ideally expanded, and overexpanded supersonic. The far-field noise results, discussed here, show where the jet noise is partially shielded by the surface and where jet-surface interaction noise dominates the low frequency spectrum as a surface extends downstream and approaches the jet plume.

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