Noise Assessment of NASA Environmentally Responsible Aviation (ERA) Technologies and Concepts

A review of sludge disposal to sea in North America involves sociological and political as well as technical, scientific or engineering considerations. The review of the interrelationships between these differing types of interests has appeared to be most intense in the United States. Not because of a lesser concern in Canada and Mexico; but because of factors such as the location of most major population centers along the sea coasts, the resulting possibility of environmental problems from waste discharges and the intensity and influence of the environmental movement. From the standpoint of a city or other agency attempting to dispose of solids residual from waste-water treatment in a manner which is both environmentally responsible and economically reasonable, the laws and regulations arising out of the complex of interest cited above pose almost impossible problems. Basic decisions are made by the courts and agency administrators and apply nationwide rather than allowing evaluation of each specific problem. Furthermore, laws applying to air, land and water (sea) pollution conflict so that environmentally responsible solutions become difficult to impossible. Case histories with an outline of the controlling legislation, development of standards and measure of the actual dimensions of such discharge is presented.

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Advancing Innovations in Renewable Energy Technologies as Alternatives to Fossil Fuel Use in the Middle East

10.1093/oso/9780198822080.003.0020 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Damilola S Olawuyi

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Middle East ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Electricity Grid ◽

Energy Technologies ◽

Gulf Countries ◽

Environmentally Responsible ◽

Legal Frameworks ◽

Legal Barriers

Despite increasing political emphasis across the Middle East on the need to transition to lower carbon, efficient, and environmentally responsible energy systems and economies, legal innovations required to drive such transitions have not been given detailed analysis and consideration. This chapter develops a profile of law and governance innovations required to integrate and balance electricity generated from renewable energy sources (RES-E) with extant electricity grid structures in the Middle East, especially Gulf countries. It discusses the absence of renewable energy laws, the lack of legal frameworks on public–private partnerships, lack of robust pricing and financing, and lack of dedicated RES-E institutional framework. These are the main legal barriers that must be addressed if current national visions of a low-carbon transition across the Middle East are to move from mere political aspirations to realization.

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