An Internal State Inference Service for Onboard Diagnosis, Prognosis and Contingency Planning Applications

Non-state factors begin to play more and more significant role in processes of global management. The international non-governmental organizations are on a special place among them (INGO). In the last decade they are growing noticeably. In this regard it is necessary to study the role and the meaning of international non-governmental organizations in the process of global management. It is a vital need of modern science. Attempts to elaborate definition of the concept "international non-governmental organization" were made repeatedly but all developed concepts have certain shortcomings (don't reflect the legal nature of INGO, membership, activity purposes, etc.). The bulk of non-governmental organizations are created for the solution of specific problems or work within a certain perspective. Today these organizations actively deal with issues connected with humanitarian assistance, protection of human rights and environmental protection, providing peace and safety, participate in educational programs, sports projects. They provide analysis and expert assessment of various problems, including global problems, act as mechanism of "early notification" and promote control of international agreements execution. But, without looking, for rather positive role of MNPO in their activity there are also certain problems. INGO is often accused in internal state affairs. Their activity often has politized character.

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Neuromodulatory Feedback to the Inferior Colliculus

The Oxford Handbook of the Auditory Brainstem ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190849061.013.15 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 576-610 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Laura Hurley

Keyword(s):

Inferior Colliculus ◽

Auditory System ◽

Auditory Processing ◽

Internal State ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Auditory Information ◽

Situational Variables ◽

Acoustic Stimuli ◽

Functionally Diverse ◽

Behavioral Information

The inferior colliculus (IC) receives prominent projections from centralized neuromodulatory systems. These systems include extra-auditory clusters of cholinergic, dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic neurons. Although these modulatory sites are not explicitly part of the auditory system, they receive projections from primary auditory regions and are responsive to acoustic stimuli. This bidirectional influence suggests the existence of auditory-modulatory feedback loops. A characteristic of neuromodulatory centers is that they integrate inputs from anatomically widespread and functionally diverse sets of brain regions. This connectivity gives neuromodulatory systems the potential to import information into the auditory system on situational variables that accompany acoustic stimuli, such as context, internal state, or experience. Once released, neuromodulators functionally reconfigure auditory circuitry through a variety of receptors expressed by auditory neurons. In addition to shaping ascending auditory information, neuromodulation within the IC influences behaviors that arise subcortically, such as prepulse inhibition of the startle response. Neuromodulatory systems therefore provide a route for integrative behavioral information to access auditory processing from its earliest levels.

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Calcium functional imaging with high-resolution CT in the inner ear

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-94857-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hisaya Tanioka ◽

Sayaka Tanioka

Keyword(s):

Internal State ◽

Texture Synthesis ◽

Biological Information ◽

Endolymphatic Sac ◽

Otolith Organs ◽

Synthesis Algorithm ◽

Utricular Macula ◽

Positional Vertigo ◽

Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

AbstractAlthough the otolith and otolith organs correlate with vertigo and instability, there is no method to investigate them without harmful procedures. We will create the technique for 3D microanatomical images of them, and investigate the in vivo internal state and metabolisms. The otolith and otolith organs images were reconstructed from a texture synthesis algorithm under the skull volume rendering algorithm using a cutting-plane method. The utricular macula was elongated pea-shaped. The saccular macula was almost bud-shaped. The changes in the amount of CaCO3 in the maculae and the endolymphatic sac showed various morphologies, reflecting the balance status of each subject. Both shapes and volumes were not always constant depending on time. In Meniere’s disease (MD), the saccular macula was larger and the utricular macula was smaller. In benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), the otolith increased in the utricular macula but did not change much in the saccular macula. The saccule, utricle, and endolymphatic sac were not constantly shaped according to their conditions. These created 3D microanatomical images can allow detailed observations of changes in physiological and biological information. This imaging technique will contribute to our understanding of pathology and calcium metabolism in the in vivo vestibulum.

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Run-and-Tumble Motion: The Role of Reversibility

Journal of Statistical Physics ◽

10.1007/s10955-021-02787-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 183 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Bart van Ginkel ◽

Bart van Gisbergen ◽

Frank Redig

Keyword(s):

Free Energy ◽

Diffusion Coefficient ◽

Large Deviations ◽

Energy Function ◽

Internal State ◽

Rate Function ◽

Free Energy Function ◽

Large Deviations Principle ◽

Preferred Direction ◽

State Process

AbstractWe study a model of active particles that perform a simple random walk and on top of that have a preferred direction determined by an internal state which is modelled by a stationary Markov process. First we calculate the limiting diffusion coefficient. Then we show that the ‘active part’ of the diffusion coefficient is in some sense maximal for reversible state processes. Further, we obtain a large deviations principle for the active particle in terms of the large deviations rate function of the empirical process corresponding to the state process. Again we show that the rate function and free energy function are (pointwise) optimal for reversible state processes. Finally, we show that in the case with two states, the Fourier–Laplace transform of the distribution, the moment generating function and the free energy function can be computed explicitly. Along the way we provide several examples.

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Primate Vocal Communication and the Evolution of Speech

Current Directions in Psychological Science ◽

10.1177/0963721420979580 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 55-60

Author(s):

Julia Fischer

Keyword(s):

Nonhuman Primate ◽

Nonhuman Primates ◽

Vocal Communication ◽

Internal State ◽

Multiple Sources ◽

Primate Communication ◽

Evolution Of Speech ◽

Primate Vocal Communication ◽

Species Specific ◽

Shed Light

Studies of nonhuman primate communication are often motivated by the desire to shed light on the evolution of speech. In contrast to human speech, the vocal repertoires of nonhuman primates are evolutionarily highly conserved. Within species-specific constraints, calls may vary in relation to the internal state of the caller or social experience. Receivers can use signalers’ calls to predict upcoming events or behavioral dispositions. Yet nonhuman primates do not appear to express or comprehend communicative or informative intent. Signalers are sensitive to the relation between their own actions and receivers’ responses, and thus, signaling behavior can be conceived as goal directed. Receivers’ ability to integrate information from multiple sources renders the system flexible and powerful. Researchers who take a linguistic or biological perspective on nonhuman primate communication should be aware of the strengths and limitations of their approaches. Both benefit from a focus on the mechanisms that underpin signaling and responses to signals.

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Probing Bloch oscillations using a slow-light sensor

Advanced Optical Technologies ◽

10.1515/aot-2020-0028 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 243-246

Author(s):

Pei-Chen Kuan ◽

Chang Huang ◽

Shau-Yu Lan

Keyword(s):

Phase Shift ◽

Optical Lattice ◽

Cold Atoms ◽

Slow Light ◽

Internal State ◽

Electromagnetically Induced Transparency ◽

Bloch Oscillations ◽

Bloch Oscillation ◽

Induced Transparency ◽

Transparency Condition

AbstractWe implement slow-light under electromagnetically induced transparency condition to measure the motion of cold atoms in an optical lattice undergoing Bloch oscillation. The motion of atoms is mapped out through the phase shift of light without perturbing the external and internal state of the atoms. Our results can be used to construct a continuous motional sensor of cold atoms.

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Interacting with volatile environments stabilizes hidden-state inference and its brain signatures

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-021-22396-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Aurélien Weiss ◽

Valérian Chambon ◽

Junseok K. Lee ◽

Jan Drugowitsch ◽

Valentin Wyart

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Processes ◽

Learning Task ◽

Human Learning ◽

Sensory Cues ◽

Uncertain Environments ◽

Behavioral Difference ◽

Neural Interaction ◽

Degree Of Control ◽

Uncertain Outcomes ◽

State Inference

AbstractMaking accurate decisions in uncertain environments requires identifying the generative cause of sensory cues, but also the expected outcomes of possible actions. Although both cognitive processes can be formalized as Bayesian inference, they are commonly studied using different experimental frameworks, making their formal comparison difficult. Here, by framing a reversal learning task either as cue-based or outcome-based inference, we found that humans perceive the same volatile environment as more stable when inferring its hidden state by interaction with uncertain outcomes than by observation of equally uncertain cues. Multivariate patterns of magnetoencephalographic (MEG) activity reflected this behavioral difference in the neural interaction between inferred beliefs and incoming evidence, an effect originating from associative regions in the temporal lobe. Together, these findings indicate that the degree of control over the sampling of volatile environments shapes human learning and decision-making under uncertainty.

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