Comparison of Performance Trade-Off Evaluations for Conceptual Vehicle Design Using Different Levels of Approximation in IFAD (Integration Framework for Architecture Development)

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyu (Stacey) Gu ◽  
Peter Fenyes ◽  
Joseph Donndelinger
Keyword(s):  
Vehicle Design ◽  
Integration Framework ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Architecture Development ◽  
Different Levels

An Example Performance Trade-Off Evaluation Using the Integration Framework for Architecture Development (IFAD) for Conceptual Vehicle Design

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyu Gu ◽  
Peter A. Fenyes
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Vehicle Design ◽  
Vehicle Performance ◽  
Integration Framework ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Design Changes ◽  
High Level ◽  
Architecture Development ◽  
Geometrical Dimensions

The Integration Framework for Architecture Development (IFAD) is an integrated framework that provides fast and consistent discipline analysis results and identifies discipline consequences corresponding to vehicle design changes. This information is valuable for balancing and integration in the early design phase. In this paper, the IFAD framework is utilized to conduct an example multi-objective multi-disciplinary optimization to evaluate vehicle performance trade-offs for a hypothetical vehicle. We consider design changes on high-level geometrical dimensions including front overhang, rear overhang and vehicle width at rocker. We also study vehicle configurations including choice of materials and tires and choice of powertrains. A commonly used multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) technique, Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGAII [1]) is chosen because of the mixed types of design variables involved (i.e., continuous design variables representing high-level geometrical dimensions and discrete design variables representing vehicle configurations such as powertrain selection and material choice). Vehicle performance analyses in a range of disciplines such as geometry, aerodynamics and energy are carried out automatically through IFAD. The use of response surface modeling (RSM) is desired due to the large number of evaluations typical for a MOGA application. A comparison of the engineering performance trade-offs based on two different sets of performance objectives is presented.

scholarly journals Human Papillomavirus Genotype Replacement: Still Too Early to Tell?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Man ◽  
Simopekka Vänskä ◽  
Matti Lehtinen ◽  
Johannes A Bogaards
Keyword(s):  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Cross Protection ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Vaccine Type ◽  
Cross Immunity ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract Background Although human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are highly efficacious in protecting against HPV infections and related diseases, vaccination may trigger replacement by nontargeted genotypes if these compete with the vaccine-targeted types. HPV genotype replacement has been deemed unlikely, based on the lack of systematic increases in the prevalence of nonvaccine-type (NVT) infection in the first decade after vaccination, and on the presence of cross-protection for some NVTs. Methods To investigate whether type replacement can be inferred from early postvaccination surveillance, we constructed a transmission model in which a vaccine type and an NVT compete through infection-induced cross-immunity. We simulated scenarios of different levels of cross-immunity and vaccine-induced cross-protection to the NVT. We validated whether commonly used measures correctly indicate type replacement in the long run. Results Type replacement is a trade-off between cross-immunity and cross-protection; cross-immunity leads to type replacement unless cross-protection is strong enough. With weak cross-protection, NVT prevalence may initially decrease before rebounding into type replacement, exhibiting a honeymoon period. Importantly, vaccine effectiveness for NVTs is inadequate for indicating type replacement. Conclusions Although postvaccination surveillance thus far is reassuring, it is still too early to preclude type replacement. Monitoring of NVTs remains pivotal in gauging population-level impacts of HPV vaccination.

scholarly journals The Problem of Supporting the Management of a Growing Multi-Discipline Group of Companies

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.38) ◽  
pp. 426
Author(s):  
Liliya Mirzayanovna Sadrieva ◽  
Denis Vladimirovich Tsovma ◽  
Svetlana Valentinovna Iudina
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Strategic Management ◽  
Information Support ◽  
Informational Support ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
The Social ◽  
Industry Organization ◽  
The Government ◽  
Different Levels

The process of growth of corporations and groups of companies has slowed down in Russia since 2008-2009 but has not stopped. Nowadays, a group of companies is usually a poly-industry organization with the presence of none-core companies and companies of the social bloc that is often the result of a trade-off of large business and the government. The task of bringing out the groups of companies of the social bloc into the break-even zone in Russia became acute after 2014 due to a reduction in reserves of profitability growth in the main profitable blocs. It is very difficult for the management of the group of companies to differentiate external risks, some complex system and accidental internal factors of activity of a relatively large number of economic entities and not to lose control of the group as a whole. In the authors' opinion, the development of a methodology for informational support of policy decisions regarding the architecture of a group of companies can be based on well-known concepts (the concept of strategic management) and approaches (systematic and process approaches). Then, the management of the group of companies is presented in the form of a list of competencies with assigned managerial functions of information support of different levels developed by the authors and presented in the paper.  

Electric Transportation Impacts on Vehicle Design

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-90
Author(s):  
Elaine Marie Ellul ◽  
Brian Azzopardi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Small States ◽  
Vehicle Design ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Depth Of Discharge ◽  
Ev Model ◽  
Design Type ◽  
Influential Parameters

Transport electrification is a promising prospect for small states where the average daily travelling distances are less than 50 km. A developed SIMULINK® electric vehicle (EV) model is presented. The potential of EVs is discussed through a sensitivity analysis where the design, type, and parameters of the EV are assessed. A critical evaluation of energy recovery on the type of vehicle is also performed. The paper summarizes the most influential parameters on the EV depth of discharge (DoD). Further research is suggested to investigate the trade-off between design parameters for future EVs.

scholarly journals The origin of the central dogma through conflicting multilevel selection

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuto Takeuchi ◽  
Kunihiko Kaneko
Keyword(s):  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Logical Consequence ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Multilevel Selection ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Central Dogma ◽  
Chemical Catalysis ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractThe central dogma of molecular biology rests on two kinds of asymmetry between genomes and enzymes: informatic asymmetry, where information flows from genomes to enzymes but not from enzymes to genomes; and catalytic asymmetry, where enzymes provide chemical catalysis but genomes do not. How did these asymmetries originate? Here we show that these asymmetries can spontaneously arise from conflict between selection at the molecular level and selection at the cellular level. We developed a model consisting of a population of protocells, each containing a population of replicating catalytic molecules. The molecules are assumed to face a trade-off between serving as catalysts and serving as templates. This trade-off causes conflicting multilevel selection: serving as catalysts is favoured by selection between protocells, whereas serving as templates is favoured by selection between molecules within protocells. This conflict induces informatic and catalytic symmetry breaking, whereby the molecules differentiate into genomes and enzymes, establishing the central dogma. We show mathematically that the symmetry breaking is caused by a positive feedback between Fisher’s reproductive values and the relative impact of selection at different levels. This feedback induces a division of labour between genomes and enzymes, provided variation at the molecular level is sufficiently large relative to variation at the cellular level, a condition that is expected to hinder the evolution of altruism. Taken together, our results suggest that the central dogma is a logical consequence of conflicting multilevel selection.

An Integrated Framework for Biological Data Visualization

2013 ◽  
Vol 846-847 ◽  
pp. 1145-1148
Author(s):  
Cheng Long Song ◽  
Chen Zou ◽  
Wen Ke Wang ◽  
Si Kun Li
Keyword(s):  
Development Trend ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Good Prospect ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Biomolecular Structure ◽  
Integration Framework ◽  
Visualization System ◽  
Bioinformatics Visualization ◽  
The Development Trend ◽  
Different Levels

In the field of bioinformatics visualization, integrating software and data in different levels is the development trend. This paper presents an integration framework for biomolecular structure and genome sequences visualization. The framework can effectively support the data and software interoperability of biomolecular structure / genome sequences visualization. Based on the framework, we developed an integrated visualization system, which provides some new comprehensive visualization functions. Preliminary trial showed that the framework has a good prospect in the research of bioinformatics.

Are nest defense behaviours and fitness components linked in white-rumped swallows (Tachycineta leucorrhoa)?

Behaviour ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 156 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-201
Author(s):  
Uschi Wischhoff ◽  
Fernando Marques-Santos ◽  
Giselle Bonetti ◽  
Lilian T. Manica ◽  
James J. Roper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Animal ◽  
Nest Defence ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Fitness Components ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Behavioural Types ◽  
One Year ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract How are personalities maintained in wild animal populations? A possible mechanism is the existence of trade-offs between fitness components (survival and reproductive success) among behavioural types. We investigated this trade-off in white-rumped swallows (Tachycineta leucorrhoa) by capturing adults and monitoring their reproduction over time. We focused on the personality trait of nest defence against a human. We found that swallows with different levels of nest defence had similar probability to return from migration between two years (a proxy for survival). In one year, swallows that defended their nests more boldly were also more likely to succeed. However, nest defence was not linked to nestling weight or number of fledglings. Thus, we found no evidence of a trade-off between fitness components. It is possible that the investigated relationships become relevant only in extreme years that severely alter the costs and benefits of this behaviour.

scholarly journals 5-day flooding followed by 3-day drainage wet-dry alternation cycle is highly effective in reducing Cd and As content in rice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiongli Bao ◽  
Wankui Bao ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Shengnan Zhang ◽  
Yizong Huang
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Redox Potential ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Soil Redox ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Management Regimes ◽  
Optimal Measure ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract To comparatively and simultaneously investigate the reducing efficiency of the different wet-dry alternation cycles on the Cd and As absorption and transportation in rice organs, and synthesis of amino acids (AAs) in rice in two soils with different levels of Cd and As contamination, controlled pot experiments were conducted in this study. Results showed that wet-dry alternation treatments reduced Cd and As concentrations in grains by 18.8%-80% and by 77.4%-86.7% in W soil, respectively; and 76.1%-90.8% and 73.1%-80.6% in H soil, respectively. Cd and As concentrations in the soil solution were negatively and positively correlated with soil pH, respectively; but positively and negatively correlated with soil redox potential (Eh), respectively. The minimum “trade-off” values were observed in the 5 d Flooded followed by 3 d Drained treatment in both soils. The Drained treatment greatly improved AAs contents in rice organs in both soils. The changes of AAs were negatively explained more than 70% by the rachises As. Totally, the F5D3 treatment was identified as the optimal measure for simultaneously minimizing Cd and As accumulations in rice in studied soils, and water management regimes regulated the synthesis of AAs in rice organs by affecting the accumulation of As in rachises.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document