Improved Methods for Large Scale Structural Synthesis

AIAA Journal ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 1227-1233 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Pappas
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Structural Synthesis ◽  
Improved Methods

scholarly journals Advances in the automated synthesis of 6-[18F]Fluoro-L-DOPA

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ângela C. B. Neves ◽  
Ivanna Hrynchak ◽  
Inês Fonseca ◽  
Vítor H. P. Alves ◽  
Mariette M. Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Neuroendocrine Tumours ◽  
Radiochemical Yield ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Molar Activity ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Diseases ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Improved Methods

AbstractThe neurotracer 6-[18F] FDOPA has been, for many years, a powerful tool in PET imaging of neuropsychiatric diseases, movement disorders and brain malignancies. More recently, it also demonstrated good results in the diagnosis of other malignancies such as neuroendocrine tumours, pheochromocytoma or pancreatic adenocarcinoma.The multiple clinical applications of this tracer fostered a very strong interest in the development of new and improved methods for its radiosynthesis. The no-carrier-added nucleophilic 18F-fluorination process has gained increasing attention, in recent years, due to the high molar activities obtained, when compared with the other methods although the radiochemical yield remains low (17–30%). This led to the development of several nucleophilic synthetic processes in order to obtain the product with molar activity, radiochemical yield and enantiomeric purity suitable for human PET studies.Automation of the synthetic processes is crucial for routine clinical use and compliance with GMP requirements. Nevertheless, the complexity of the synthesis makes the production challenging, increasing the chance of failure in routine production. Thus, for large-scale clinical application and wider use of this radiopharmaceutical, progress in the automation of this complex radiosynthesis is of critical importance.This review summarizes the most recent developments of 6-[18F]FDOPA radiosynthesis and discusses the key issues regarding its automation for routine clinical use.

A Discussion on manufacturing technology in the 1980s - Metallurgical processes

1973 ◽  
Vol 275 (1250) ◽  
pp. 313-327 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Reduction Of Iron ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Metallurgical Reactions ◽  
Improved Methods ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Metallurgical Processes

The shape of metallurgical processes in the 1980s will be basically similar to those obtaining today modified to accommodate solutions to various constraints, industrial and economic. These include the availability and relative costs of different sources of energy, a need to reduce production costs and improve product quality to meet market requirements new and existing, and the general pressures to provide healthier working conditions and greater job satisfaction for employees. It is expected that oil and natural gas will be more extensively used as sources of energy and as a supplement to coking coal for the reduction of iron ore, but the prospect of diminishing reserves will, in the longer run, focus increasing attention on nuclear energy for metallurgical uses. Further reductions in manufacturing costs may be expected as the result of an increasing scale of operation, but there may also be opportunities for smaller scale enterprises using different technologies to coexist profitably with the larger works of the future with advantages to both. The increasing scale of metallurgical operations raises the question of continuous versus batch processing. In both ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy the processes of extraction, casting and working are for the most part continuous in that the material flows through the plant but are operated intermittently because refining is still done in batches in various types of melting and refining vessels. In spite of efforts to increase the continuity of metal manufacture, the advantages are by no means all on one side and these are discussed. There have been many attempts to speed up the rate of reaction of metallurgical processes in the interests of increasing productivity. These may be based on the provision of a higher surface to volume ratio, as in the flash smelting or fluidized bed treatment of copper ores, or on more concentrated reagents such as the use of oxygen in steelmaking. Other examples of not only speeding up metallurgical reactions but substantially reducing the subsequent processing and working of metals by new means are referred to. A comparison of a metallurgical works (in steel or elsewhere) of today with one of 50 years ago would show how much has been done to improve the conditions of work. The generation of heat, noise and dust is inseparable from metallurgical operation on a large scale and the metallurgical processes of the 1980s will almost certainly embody improved methods of keeping this under control.

scholarly journals Review on Strategies and Technologies for Exosome Isolation and Purification

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaci Chen ◽  
Peilong Li ◽  
Taiyi Zhang ◽  
Zhipeng Xu ◽  
Xiaowen Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Recipient Cell ◽  
Microfluidic Chips ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Liquid Biopsies ◽  
Isolation And Purification ◽  
Downstream Analysis ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Cumulative Evidence ◽  
Improved Methods

Exosomes, a nano-sized subtype of extracellular vesicles secreted from almost all living cells, are capable of transferring cell-specific constituents of the source cell to the recipient cell. Cumulative evidence has revealed exosomes play an irreplaceable role in prognostic, diagnostic, and even therapeutic aspects. A method that can efficiently provide intact and pure exosomes samples is the first step to both exosome-based liquid biopsies and therapeutics. Unfortunately, common exosomal separation techniques suffer from operation complexity, time consumption, large sample volumes and low purity, posing significant challenges for exosomal downstream analysis. Efficient, simple, and affordable methods to isolate exosomes are crucial to carrying out relevant researches. In the last decade, emerging technologies, especially microfluidic chips, have proposed superior strategies for exosome isolation and exhibited fascinating performances. While many excellent reviews have overviewed various methods, a compressive review including updated/improved methods for exosomal isolation is indispensable. Herein, we first overview exosomal properties, biogenesis, contents, and functions. Then, we briefly outline the conventional technologies and discuss the challenges of clinical applications of these technologies. Finally, we review emerging exosomal isolation strategies and large-scale GMP production of engineered exosomes to open up future perspectives of next-generation Exo-devices for cancer diagnosis and treatment.

scholarly journals Evidence-based approaches to comparing the effectiveness of modern cardiology interventions: trends, bias and prospects

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 4037
Author(s):  
S. R. Gilyarevsky ◽  
Yu. N. Belenkov
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Propensity Score ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Improved Methods

The article discusses the limitations of the evidence from observational studies. Modern approaches to reducing bias in observational studies are discussed in detail, in particular, propensity score matching, which has become popular in recent years. The main differences between randomized and observational studies are discussed. Arguments against the observational studies and improved methods of analysis to compare the treatments’ effectiveness in clinical practice are presented. The role of observational studies as a source of evidence is discussed. The article points out the validity of performing large-scale prospective observational studies to assess the effects of postmarketing drug use in clinical practice, as well as to obtain data on drug use in patients that differ from those in randomized clinical trials.

BASIS REDUCTION CONCEPTS IN LARGE SCALE STRUCTURAL SYNTHESIS

1981 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. RAJARAMAN ◽  
L. A. SCHMIT
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Structural Synthesis ◽  
Basis Reduction

Materials Technology and the Engineer

1972 ◽  
Vol 186 (1) ◽  
pp. 281-287
Author(s):  
A. G. Quarrell
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Improved Methods ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Suitable Process

Never has the engineer had so many materials from which to choose when designing new machines or new structures. Improved metallurgical knowledge has enabled greatly improved alloys to be developed, the demands of aero-space have stimulated developments in ceramics and in composite materials; whilst advances in organic chemistry have led to a wide range of plastics suitable for applications which range from throw-away containers to constructions for which metals or natural materials were previously used. In addition, improved methods are continuously leading to better materials and more reliable components and the selection of the most suitable process for a given application becomes increasingly difficult. Materials technologists and engineers depend very much on each other. Engineers rely upon materials technologists for materials with properties appropriate for particular applications; materials technologists depend upon engineers to design the machines that enable laboratory experiments to be translated into large-scale production. A review of the present situation will be followed by a discussion of future trends and of future co-operation between engineers and materials technologists.

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