CONTOUR CALCULATIONS FOR CHEMICAL NONEQUILIBRIUM FLOW

AIAA Journal ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 1 (11) ◽  
pp. 2631-2633
Author(s):  
THOMAS E. WIDMER ◽  
THOMAS P. ANDERSON
Keyword(s):  
Nonequilibrium Flow ◽  
Chemical Nonequilibrium

scholarly journals FUGACITY AND REHEATING OF PRIMORDIAL NEUTRINOS

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (40) ◽  
pp. 1350188 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEREMIAH BIRRELL ◽  
CHENG-TAO YANG ◽  
PISIN CHEN ◽  
JOHANN RAFELSKI
Keyword(s):  
Cosmological Model ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Chemical Nonequilibrium ◽  
Model Parameter ◽  
Standard Cosmological Model ◽  
Cmb Fluctuations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Freeze Out

We clarify in a quantitative way the impact that distinct chemical Tc and kinetic Tk freeze-out temperatures have on the reduction of the neutrino fugacity ϒν below equilibrium, i.e. ϒν<1, and the increase of the neutrino temperature Tν via partial reheating. We establish the connection between ϒν and Tk via the modified reheating relation Tν(ϒν)/Tγ, where Tγ is the temperature of the background radiation. Our results demonstrate that one must introduce the chemical nonequilibrium parameter, i.e. the fugacity, ϒν, as an additional standard cosmological model parameter in the evaluation of CMB fluctuations as its value allows measurement of Tk.

Two-Temperature Chemical-Nonequilibrium Modelling of a High-Velocity Argon Plasma Flow in a Low-Power Arcjet Thruster

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai-Xing Wang ◽  
Wei-Ping Sun ◽  
Su-Rong Sun ◽  
A. B. Murphy ◽  
Yiguang Ju
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Plasma Flow ◽  
High Velocity ◽  
Argon Plasma ◽  
Chemical Nonequilibrium ◽  
Two Temperature
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