scholarly journals KONSISTENSI HUKUM WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO) MENGENAI PRINSIP MOST FAVORED NATION (MFN) ATAS REGIONALISME DAN PANDANGANNYA TERHADAP ASEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY (AEC)

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Cahya Sutanto
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Single Market ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Most Favored Nation ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
General Obligation ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Asean Economic Community ◽  
The Moment

In 2015, Indonesia and other ASEAN members have a commitment to establish a single market region, i.e. free flow of goods and service, termed ASEAN Economic Community (hereinafter ‘AEC’). This arrangement is contrary to Most Favored Nation (MFN) principle under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, (hereinafter ‘GATT’). This paper aims to address the said violation according to the WTO/GATT law by analyzing (1) the general obligations and exceptions under the WTO/GATT, (2) regionalism in general and its existence in Southeast Asia, and (3) the interpretation of WTO’s compromise to regionalism. Under the GATT, there is a general obligation for members to treat their trading partners equally and give the same benefits to other members. However, there is an exception to this principle under article XXIV of the GATT, which based on the notion that regional trade agreements are a building block for multilateral openness. Yet, before applying this exception to the case at hand, AEC’s form must be determined. AEC’ has a structure of Free-Trade Area (hereinafter ‘FTA’) with a single market adhere to it, which according to WTO’s database there is one in force at the moment, namely ASEAN Free Trade Area (hereinafter ‘AFTA’). AFTA is not the equivalent to AEC because it covers more than just goods. Thus, the answer to apply the exception to AEC is inconclusive because even though it fits normatively, it does not have the necessary legitimacy.

scholarly journals The ASEAN WITHOUT A CUSTOMS UNION OR A SINGLE MARKET CONSEQUENCES OF THE ASEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY BLUEPRINT 2025

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-127
Author(s):  
Moh Firstananto Jerusalem
Keyword(s):  
Economic Integration ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Single Market ◽  
Integration Theory ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Market Economic ◽  
Asean Countries ◽  
Asean Economic Community

Abstract In the ASEAN Economic Community blueprint 2015 the term “single market” was used as a goal of economic community. Theoretically, single market is a level of economic integration after customs union. Under that blueprint, customs union could have a chance to be established as a necessary prerequisite for single market. However, the new blueprint 2025 does not adopt single market concept anymore. Different terms have been introduced namely “integrated and cohesive economy” and “unified market”. This article aims at assessing economic integration concept adopted in the ASEAN Economic Community blueprint by utilizing content analysis. It will review the change of concept by employing economic integration theory in order to indicate the direction of economic community goal. The finding is that the change of terms reflects the change of concept. As a result, ASEAN Economic Community will have a different direction in pursuing economic integration. Therefore, under the new blueprint ASEAN will not proceed to customs union and single market. However, it will remain at free trade area level of economic integration. In addition, ASEAN will not be a close trade block but tend to be an open regionalism in relation to non-ASEAN countries or regions. Keywords: ASEAN Economic Community, Customs Union, Single Market, Economic Integration, Open Regionalism.

scholarly journals Indonesia dan Persaingan di Era Asean Economic Community

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendra Maujana Saragih
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Economic Opportunity ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Asean Member ◽  
Systemic Impact ◽  
Strategic Position ◽  
Asean Countries ◽  
Asean Economic Community

Abstract This paper focusing on looking at Indonesia's readiness to deal with the Era of the Economic Community in ASEAN with the urgency that Indonesia's preparations should have a systemic impact on Indonesia's economic growth. The socialization that has been carried out continues and continues to be inflated by every child of the nation so as not to lose compete and be swallowed by the existence of regional countries that really use ASEAN Economic Community as a positive and constructive economic opportunity for each ASEAN member country officially. ASEAN Economic Community is one form of Free Trade Area (FTA) and located in Southeast Asia .ASEAN Economic Community which is formed with a mission to make the economy in ASEAN to be better and able to compete with countries whose economy is more advanced than the condition of ASEAN countries currently. The realization of ASEAN Economic Community, can make ASEAN a more strategic position in the international arena. Researchers expect that with the realization of the ASEAN economic community can open the eyes of all parties, resulting in an inter-sectoral dialogue that will also complement each other among the stakeholders of the economic sector in ASEAN countries and this is very inherent formally. Keywords: Competition, Free Trade Area, Opportunity, Challenge

scholarly journals STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN INDUSTRI KREATIF BANDUNG OLEH PEMERINTAH KOTA BANDUNG DALAM MENGANTISIPASI IMPLEMENTASI ASEAN FREE TRADE AREA DAN ASEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (01) ◽  
pp. 66-122
Author(s):  
Mariane Delanova
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
National Income ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Creative Industries ◽  
Trade Barriers ◽  
Economic Sector ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
New Era ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Asean Economic Community

ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) has been implemented since 2015. It means ASEAN make a step into a new era, called free trade era, which is reducing all trade barriers, include tariff and non tarrif barriers. ASEAN has a vision, by implementing AFTA and EAC, to make Southeast Asia region can improve its economic sector, also improving economic sector of its member states, and so Indonesia. This research focuses on the strategic of Pemerintah Kota Bandung (The Local Government of Bandung City) to develop and improve the creative industres of Bandung City, especially in the era of AFTA and AEC. Also this research will explore the obstacles of creative industries of Bandung City in the era of AFTA and AEC. Creative industres of Bandung City have to reach the benefit from the implementing of AFTA and AEC, so creative industries of Bandung City will contribute to Indonesia�s national income, especially increasing Bandung City�s income.

scholarly journals Membangun Sekolah Dasar Berbasis Mutu di Indonesia untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas Lulusan

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-30
Author(s):  
Slamet Widodo ◽  
Yuni Yulianti
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Excellent Service ◽  
Asean Economic Community

In welcoming AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade Area) and MEA (ASEAN Economic Community), Indonesian society's view on economy will be shifted to education. Schools will be excellent service product which will compete with each other. Particularly elementary schools will become major concern in creating skillful and competent graduates to face global challenges. Elementary schools will become the basic foundation for creating human resources who have qualified skills earlier based on the development of science and technology. Competent graduates of Elementary schools will be ready to compete at the global level, and vice versa. The way to produce competent graduates is by developing a quality-based elementary schools throughout Indonesia. Quality-based elementary school is an elementary school institution that prioritizes quality in producing competent graduates who are competent. The indicators of this quality-based elementary school consist of several criteria which are: 1) Focus on costumer, 2) total involvement, 3) Administering measurements, 4) Have high commitment, and 5) Performing sustainability improvement. Steps in building quality-based elementary schools are: 1) Organizing, 2) Planning, 3) Implementing, and 4) Monitoring. Hence, in order to embody a quality-based elementary school, it requires a good cooperation from all stakeholders and a strong commitment based on its indicators, steps and components.   Dalam menghadapi AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade Area) dan MEA (Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN) pandangan masyarakat Indonesia tentang ekonomi akan bergeser ke pendidikan. Sekolah akan menjadi ajang produk jasa yang bersaing antara sekolah satu dengan sekolah lainya. Khususnya pada sekolah dasar (SD) akan menjadi perhatian utama dalam menciptakan lulusan yang berkompeten (secara lebih dini siap) dalam menghadapi tantangan global. SD akan menjadi pondasi dasar untuk menciptakan sumber daya manusia (SDM) yang memiliki ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang mumpuni dan sesuai dengan perkembangan zaman. Sehingga lulusan SD yang berkompeten akan siap bersaing di tingkat global, sebaliknya lulusan SD yang tidak berkompeten tidak siap untuk bersaing di tingkat global.Cara untuk menghasilkan lulusan yang berkompeten yaitu dengan mengembangkan SD berbasis mutu secara merata di seluruh Indonesia. SD berbasis mutu adalah lembaga SD yang mengutamakan mutu dalam menghasilkan lulusan yang berkompeten. Indikator atau kriteria SD bermutu terdiri dari:1)Fokus pada pelanggan,2) Keterlibatan total,3) Melakukan pengukuran,4) Komitmen, dan5) Melakukan perbaikan berkelanjutan. Langkah-langkah dalam membangun SD berbasis mutu, yaitu:1) Mengorganisasikan,2) Merencanakan,3) Mengimplementasikan,4) Memonitorg, dan 5. Perbaikan berkelanjutan. Jadi dapat disimpulkan bahwa mengembangkan SD bermutu memerlukan kerjasama semua pihak dan komitmen yang kuat dalam mewujudkannya sesuai dengan indikator sekolah bermutu, langkah-langkah dalam mewujudkan sekolah bermutu, dan perangkat sekolah bermutu. Kata Kunci: sekolah dasar bermutu, lulusan berkompeten, kompetensi siswa global

scholarly journals THE AWAKENING OF INVESTMENT CREATION: A CASE STUDY FROM SOUTH-EAST ASIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-194
Author(s):  
Indriana Oktavia ◽  
Kiki Verico
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Economic Partnership ◽  
Asean Countries ◽  
Asean Economic Community ◽  
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership

Abstrak ASEAN membentuk integrasi ekonomi, seperti ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), AFTA+1, dan ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), untuk meningkatkan perdagangan intra dan investasi antarnegara ASEAN. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk meneliti dampak integrasi ekonomi ASEAN terhadap ASEAN FDI (AFDI) dan perdagangan intra ASEAN (AIT). Penelitian ini menggunakan data sepuluh negara ASEAN dan enam negara mitra selama periode 2001-2017 dan di estimasi dengan menggunakan Generalized Least-Square (GLS). Hasil estimasi menunjukkan CEPT-AFTA ASEAN6 tidak dapat meningkatkan AIT dan AFDI. Dampak positif CEPT-AFTA pada AFDI dan AIT hanya terjadi pada tahun 2015, meskipun dampak pada AIT tidak signifikan. Penelitian ini mengindikasikan bahwa AFTA+ dapat meningkatkan AIT dan AFDI antara negara-negara ASEAN+6. AEC memiliki dampak positif pada AFDI dan dampak negatif pada AIT. Penelitian ini juga menyimpulkan bahwa jika dengan kerangka ASEAN+ menyebabkan investment creation di kawasan ASEAN+6. Untuk memperkuat perdagangan dan investasi, maka pemerintah perlu memperkuat kerja sama melalui Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). Kata Kunci: ASEAN, FDI, AFTA, Perdagangan Intra, AEC   Abstract ASEAN created several economic integrations, such as the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), AFTA+1, and ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), to increase intra-trade and investment between ASEAN countries. This study aimed to examine the impact of ASEAN economic integration to ASEAN FDI (AFDI) and ASEAN Intra-Trade (AIT). The data consists of ten ASEAN countries and six partner countries from 2001 to 2017. It was estimated using the Generalized Least-Square (GLS). Estimation results showed that CEPT-AFTA ASEAN6 could not increase AIT and AFDI. The positive impact of CEPT-AFTA on AFDI and AIT occurred in 2015, with insignificance on AIT. The study also indicated that AFTA+ could increase AIT and AFDI between ASEAN+6 countries. Contrarily, AEC provided a positive impact on AFDI and an insignificant negative impact on AIT. The study concluded that the ASEAN+ framework causes investment creation in ASEAN and partner countries. The government needs to strengthen cooperation through Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) to escalate FDI and trade.   Keywords: ASEAN, FDI, AFTA, Intra-Trade, AEC JEL Classification: F13, F14, F15

Organization for European Economic Cooperation

1959 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-173 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Real Progress ◽  
Tariff Reductions

The Intergovernmental Committee of Ministers engaged in negotiating the proposed free trade area met in Paris, July 24–25, 1958. It was reported that following the session, the chairman of the group, Mr. Reginald Maudling, expressed hope for a definite agreement on most major issues. He stated that if real progress toward an accord were attained, less importance would be attached to the much-discussed proposal to extend to the members of OEEC the 10 percent tariff reductions to be made among the members of the European Economic Community.

scholarly journals Integration associations for Sub-Saharan Africa: history and prospects for development

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (28-29) ◽  
pp. 52-62
Author(s):  
Mariia Kravchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Unity ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Eastern And Southern Africa

The article deals with the main integration associations of such a promising but controversial region, as Sub-Saharan Africa. The author emphasizes the continuity of regional integration associations’ formation that goes back to the colonial times, to the first half of the 20th century. Periodization of ongoing integration processes in Sub-Saharan Africa is proposed in the research. Key milestones for the further regional integration were: - 1963, the foundation of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU); and the beginning of Independence for many postcolonial countries of Sub-Saharan Africa; - 1980, the Lagos Plan of Action adoption that led to the establishment in future of the following integration associations for Sub-Saharan Africa: ECOWAS, Economic Community of West African States; COMESA, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa; ECCAS, Economic Community of Central African States; - 1991, the signing of the Abuja Treaty, which called for the African Economic Community creation as the new stage for economic cooperation and integration of the continent, including Sub-Saharan Africa; - 1999-2002, the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) transition into the African Union (AU), launching of new partnerships and integration associations for Sub-Saharan Africa, increased integration. At the beginning of the 21st century, there are serious economic and political factors for disintegration in the region. Nevertheless, the following integration associations, as stated in the article, proved to be effective: SADC, Southern African Development Community; EAC, East African Community; COMESA, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. The author argues that the existence since 2015 the Tripartite Free Trade Area (TFTA) between EAC, COMESA and SADC marks a significant step forward for strengthening of integration associations for Sub-Saharan Africa, as well as for the achievement of African Union’s purpose to provide the African Continental Free Trade Area.

scholarly journals The Impact Of ASEAN Free Trade Area On Intra-Asean Manufacturing Trade

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 633-643
Author(s):  
Colin Koh-King Wong ◽  
Venus Khim-Sen Liew ◽  
Mohammad Affendy Arip
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Set Covering ◽  
Trade Creation ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Asean Member ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Manufacturing Trade ◽  
The Impact

This study investigates the effects of ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) agreement on the bilateral manufacturing trade between the 10 member countries of ASEAN and 39 of their trading partners. The period ofstudy covers 1995 to 2014. Results obtained from panel data analysis of the gravity model with random effectsshow that the economic sizes, populations, relative endowments, common language and geographical factors like distance, island, landlocked and neighbour are significant determinants of the bilateral manufacturing trade for ASEAN member countries. Moreover, results obtained from the fixed effects model in this study suggests that AFTA has generatedpure trade creation effects in terms of exports. Ontop of that, AFTA has resulted in larger magnitude of trade creation effects in imports than import diversion effects. Overall, AFTA promotes trades among ASEAN member countries through the elimination of tariff and non-tariff barriers, for bringing aboutpure trade creation effects in terms of exports as well as imports and also trade diversion effects in terms of imports. In sum, this study with more recent data set covering more ASEAN trading partners shows empirical evidence to justify the success of AFTA arrangement.

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