Approximated Variance of Inbreeding Coefficient due to Multiple Paths in a Pedigree

Background: The performance of the network protocol depends on number of parameters like re-broadcast probability, mobility, the distance between source and destination, hop count, queue length and residual energy, etc. Objective: In this paper, a new energy efficient routing protocol IAOMDV-PF is developed based on the fixed threshold re-broadcast probability determination and best route selection using fuzzy logic from multiple routes. Methods: In the first phase, the proposed protocol determines fixed threshold rebroadcast probability. It is used for discovering multiple paths between the source and the destination. The threshold probability at each node decides the rebroadcasting of received control packets to its neighbors thereby reducing routing overheads and energy consumption. The multiple paths list received from the first phase and supply to the second phase that is the fuzzy controller selects the best path. This fuzzy controller has been named as Fuzzy Best Route Selector (FBRS). FBRS determines the best path based on function of queue length, the distance between nodes and mobility of nodes. Results: Comparative analysis of the proposed protocol named as "Improved Ad-Hoc On-demand Multiple Path Distance Vector based on Probabilistic and Fuzzy logic" (IAOMDV-PF) shows that it is more efficient in terms of overheads and energy consumption. Conclusion: The proposed protocol reduced energy consumption by about 61%, 58% and 30% with respect to FF-AOMDV, IAOMDV-F and FPAOMDV routing protocols, respectively. The proposed protocol has been simulated and analyzed by using NS-2.

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Genetic rescue by augmenting gene flow

10.1093/oso/9780198783398.003.0006 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Richard Frankham ◽

Jonathan D. Ballou ◽

Katherine Ralls ◽

Mark D. B. Eldridge ◽

Michele R. Dudash ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Gene Flow ◽

Inbreeding Coefficient ◽

Outbreeding Depression ◽

Genetic Rescue ◽

Evolutionary Potential ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

The Difference ◽

Inbred Populations ◽

Harmful Effects

Inbreeding is reduced and genetic diversity enhanced when a small isolated inbred population is crossed to another unrelated population. Crossing can have beneficial or harmful effects on fitness, but beneficial effects predominate, and the risks of harmful ones (outbreeding depression) can be predicted and avoided. For crosses with a low risk of outbreeding depression, there are large and consistent benefits on fitness that persist across generations in outbreeding species. Benefits are greater in species that naturally outbreed than those that inbreed, and increase with the difference in inbreeding coefficient between crossed and inbred populations in mothers and zygotes. However, benefits are similar across invertebrates, vertebrates and plants. There are also important benefits for evolutionary potential of crossing between populations.

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Allozyme variation and an estimate of the inbreeding coefficient in the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s000748530005197x ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 85 (1) ◽

pp. 21-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Philippe Borsa ◽

D. Pierre Gingerich

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Population Structure ◽

Population Genetic ◽

New Caledonia ◽

Allozyme Variation ◽

Inbreeding Coefficient ◽

Hypothenemus Hampei ◽

Coffee Berry ◽

Biological Features ◽

High Degree

AbstractSeven presumed Mendelian enzyme loci (Est-2, Est-3, Gpi, Idh-l, Idh-2, Mdh-2 and Mpi) were characterized and tested for polymorphism in coffee berry borers, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), sampled in Côte d′Ivoire, Mexico and New Caledonia. The average genetic diversity was H = 0.080. Two loci, Mdh-2 and Mpi were polymorphic, and thus usable as genetic markers. The population structure of H. hampei was analysed using Weir & Cockerham's estimators of Wright's F-statistics. A high degree of inbreeding (f = 0.298) characterized the elementary geographic sampling unit, the coffee field. The estimate of gene flow between fields within a country was Nm = 10.6 and that between countries was Nm = 2. The population genetic structure in H. hampei could be related to its known population biological features and history.

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A MPTCP Path Selection Strategy Based on Improved Grey Relational Analysis

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.401-403.1766 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 401-403 ◽

pp. 1766-1771 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lan Kou ◽

Si Rui Chen ◽

Rui Wang

Keyword(s):

Transmission Control Protocol ◽

Path Selection ◽

Transport Layer ◽

Reference Sequence ◽

Gray Relational Analysis ◽

Selection Strategy ◽

Relational Analysis ◽

Multiple Paths ◽

End To End ◽

Grey Relational

Multipath Transmission Control Protocol (MPTCP), a transport layer protocol, proposed by the IETF working group in 2009, can provide multipath communication end to end. It also can improve the utilization of network resources and network transmission reliability. However, that how to select multiple paths to improve the end to end overall throughput, and how to avoid the throughput declining by the performance difference, become the focus of this study. We propose a path selection strategy based on improved gray relational analysis, and set the optimal values of the QoS parameters for the selected paths as the reference sequence. According to the value of improved grey relational degree (IGRD) which is compared with reference sequence, we select the paths with better performance, smaller difference for transmission.

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