scholarly journals A Continuous Distribution Model to Predict a Long-term Selection Response Taking the Effect of Reproduction into Account

1988 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 548-553
Author(s):  
Akira NISHIDA ◽  
Yoshitaka NAGAMINE ◽  
Katsuhiro MIURA ◽  
Masahiro SATOH
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Distribution ◽  
Selection Response ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Term Selection

scholarly journals LONG-TERM SELECTION RESPONSE FOR 12-DAY LITTER WEIGHT IN MICE

Genetics ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-142
Author(s):  
E J Eisen
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Selection Response ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
Correlated Response ◽  
Term Selection ◽  
Litter Weight

ABSTRACT Long-term selection for increased 12-day litter weight in two replicate lines (W2, W3) of mice resulted in an apparent selection limit at about 17 generations. Quadratic polynomial and exponential models were fitted to the data in order to estimate the plateaued response and half-life of the selection process. Using the polynomial results, the half-life estimates were 4.5 and 8.6 generations for W2 and W3, respectively. The plateaued responses were 5.1 and 5.8 g which, when expressed in phenotypic standard deviation units, became 1.1 and 1.3. The exponential model provides similar estimates. A negative association between 12-day litter weight and fitness was not considered to be an adequate explanation for the plateau since there was no decrease in fertility of the selected lines. Evidence that exhaustion of genetic variability was not the cause of the plateau came from the immediate response to reverse selection. It was proposed that the plateau may be due to a negative genetic correlation between direct and maternal genetic effects, which would be expected to occur after many generations of selection. There were positive correlated responses in both replicates for adult body weight, which was in agreement with the positive genetic correlation between preweaning and postweaning body weight. The expected positive correlated response for number born was realized in only one of the replicates.

scholarly journals A complex multi-locus, multi-allelic genetic architecture underlying the long-term selection-response in the Virginia body weight line of chickens

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanjun Zan ◽  
Zheya Sheng ◽  
Lars Rönnegård ◽  
Christa F. Honaker ◽  
Paul B. Siegel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Additive Genetic Variance ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Selection Response ◽  
Multiple Alleles ◽  
Term Selection ◽  
Selection Responses ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms

AbstractThe ability of a population to adapt to changes in their living conditions, whether in nature or captivity, often depends on polymorphisms in multiple genes across the genome. In-depth studies of such polygenic adaptations are difficult in natural populations, but can be approached using the resources provided by artificial selection experiments. Here, we dissect the genetic mechanisms involved in long-term selection responses of the Virginia chicken lines, populations that after 40 generations of divergent selection for 56-day body weight display a nine-fold difference in the selected trait. In the F15 generation of an intercross between the divergent lines, 20 loci explained more than 60% of the additive genetic variance for the selected trait. We focused particularly on seven major QTL and found that only two fine-mapped to single, bi-allelic loci; the other five contained linked loci, multiple alleles or were epistatic. This detailed dissection of the polygenic adaptations in the Virginia lines provides a deeper understanding of genome-wide mechanisms involved in the long-term selection responses. The results illustrate that long-term selection responses, even from populations with a limited genetic diversity, can be polygenic and influenced by a range of genetic mechanisms.

scholarly journals The Impact of Genomic and Traditional Selection on the Contribution of Mutational Variance to Long-Term Selection Response and Genetic Variance

Genetics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 213 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herman A. Mulder ◽  
Sang Hong Lee ◽  
Sam Clark ◽  
Ben J. Hayes ◽  
Julius H. J. van der Werf
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Selection Response ◽  
Term Selection ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mutational Variance

Elite populations for conifer breeding and gene conservation

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire G. Williams ◽  
J.L. Hamrick
Keyword(s):  
Tree Breeding ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Selection Response ◽  
Gene Conservation ◽  
Forest Tree Breeding ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Selection ◽  
Loss Of Genetic Diversity ◽  
Advanced Generation

Elite populations managed for short-term gain have received increasing attention as advanced-generation breeding strategies have taken shape for forest tree species. They are prevalent for two reasons: (1) their short-term gains provide justification for the rising costs of recurrent forest tree breeding and (2) the advent of control-pollinated seed production has reduced the requirement for a large number of unrelated selections. This paper addresses the concept of an elite population, its potential for compressed generation intervals, its predicted long-term selection response, as well as the concomitant risks of severe inbreeding depression and loss of genetic diversity.

scholarly journals Effects of thyroid hormone deficiency on mice selected for increased and decreased body weight and fatness

1998 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUTZ BÜNGER ◽  
HELEN WALLACE ◽  
JOHN O. BISHOP ◽  
IAN M. HASTINGS ◽  
WILLIAM G. HILL
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Selection Response ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Hormone Deficiency ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Growth Depression ◽  
Term Selection ◽  
Body Weights

A study was undertaken to test whether the elimination of metabolic pathways strongly involved in growth and fatness, comprising thyroid hormones (TH) and growth hormone (GH), is responsible for a substantial part of the genetic change produced by selection. Lines used in this study have been selected for about 50 generations for high (PH) and low (PL) body weight at 10 weeks and for high (F) and low fat content (L) at 14 weeks, producing a 3-fold difference in body weights and a 5-fold difference in fat content. Thyroid ablation was achieved by repeated backcrossing into the four selection lines of a transgene comprising the HSV1-tk gene coupled to the promoter of the thyroglobulin gene. Hemizygous pregnant dams were treated with ganciclovir leading to thyroid-ablated dams and offspring and therefore to a lack of TH and subsequently of GH. In the absence of TH and GH, lines still differ in body weight over the period studied (10 d to about 100 d; e.g. at the end PH=32·1 g vs PL=10·2 g) and in fat content (F=16·2% vs L=3·8%) ; the corresponding values for the wild-type controls were PH=49·9 g vs PL=17·4 g and F=27·5% vs L=4·8%. The effect of the transgene depended on the genetic background for body weights at most ages and for relative gonadal fat pad weights, but less for fat content. The L line showed the lowest growth depression. The lit gene, which causes GH but not TH deficiency, was also transferred by repeated backcrosses into three of these lines (PH, PL, F). The combined deficiency of TH and GH had bigger effects on body weights at earlier ages than did GH deprivation. The data show that changes in the TH- and GH-systems are not the only cause of line differences in growth and fatness resulting from long-term selection, but both are involved to a significant extent. The interactions between the effects of the transgene and of the lit gene and the genetic background were, nevertheless, relatively small and therefore these results support a polygenic model of selection response.

scholarly journals Long-term selection for a quantitative character in large replicate populations of Drosophila melanogaster: 1. Response to selection

1980 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. H. Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Selection Response ◽  
Quantitative Character ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Total Response ◽  
Term Selection ◽  
Bristle Number ◽  
Selection For

SUMMARYThe response to long-term selection for increased abdominal bristle number was studied in six replicate lines of Drosophila melanogaster derived from the sc Canberra outbred strain. Each line was continued for 86–89 generations with 50 pairs of parents selected at an intensity of 20%, and subsequently for 32–35 generations without selection. Response continued for at least 75 generations and average total response was in excess of 36 additive genetic standard deviations of the base population (σA) or 51 times the response in the first generation. The pattern of longterm response was diverse and unpredictable typically with one or more accelerated responses in later generations. At termination of the selection, most of the replicate lines were extremely unstable with high phenotypic variability, and lost much of their genetic gains rapidly upon relaxation of selection.The variation in response among replicates rose in the early phase of selection to level off at approximately 7·6 around generation 25. As some lines plateaued, it increased further to a level higher than would be accommodated by most genetic models. The replicate variation was even higher after many generations of relaxed selection. The genetic diversity among replicates, as revealed in total response, the individuality of response patterns and variation of the sex-dimorphism ratio, suggests that abdominal bristle number is influenced potentially by a large number of genes, but a smaller subset of them was responsible for selection response in any one line.

scholarly journals Long-term selection for protein amount over 70 generations in mice

1998 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUTZ BÜNGER ◽  
ULLA RENNE ◽  
GERHARD DIETL ◽  
SIEGFRIED KUHLA
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Selection Response ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Control Line ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Term Selection ◽  
General Importance ◽  
Selection For

Based on the outbred mouse strain Fzt: Du, which has been obtained by systematic crossing of four inbred and four outbred lines, a long-term selection experiment was carried out for total protein amount (PA) in the carcass, starting in 1975. An unselected control line (CO) was kept under the same management but without continuous protein analysis. The protein amount of male carcasses at 42 days of age (P42) increased from 2·9 g in generation 0 to 5·2 g at generation 70, representing 97% of a theoretical selection limit. The total selection response amounts to 2·3 g, which is about 80% above the initial value and corresponds to 9σp or 12σA . The estimated realized heritability of protein amount decreased from 0·56 to 0·03 at generation 70, which was due to an increase in phenotypic variance from 0·065 to 0·24 g2 and a reduction in genetic variance from 0·04 to 0·01 g2. Half the selection response was obtained after about 18 to 23 generations, a half-life of 0·25 to 0·3 Ne. The maximum selection response was 0·094 g/generation and the response was 0·01 g/generation at generation 70. The measurements of body weights at 0, 10, 21, 42 and 63 days throughout the experiment showed a strong correlated effect for all weights. The PA mice are one of the heaviest lines of mice ever reported, and do not differ significantly in their body composition from control mice at 42 days. The direct selection response was due primarily to increased general growth. Body weight and protein amount are phenotypically and genetically highly correlated (rp=0·82, rA≈1); however, selection for body weight led to fatter animals, whereas selection for protein opposed increased fatness (at least until selection age). This may be of general importance in animal breeding. The comparatively high selection response in this experiment seems due to the heterogeneity of the base population, the relatively high effective population size, and the duration of the experiment.

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