scholarly journals Are Respiratory Viruses Involved in Preseasonal Symptoms or Severity in Japanese Cedar Pollinosis?

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. ar.2016.7.0157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirokuni Otsuka ◽  
Hiroyuki Tsukagoshi ◽  
Hirokazu Kimura ◽  
Ikuo Takanashi ◽  
Kimihiro Okubo
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Japanese Cedar ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Japanese Cedar Pollinosis ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infections ◽  
The Relationship

Background Respiratory virus infections are involved in asthma exacerbations. However, there are no reports of the relationship between respiratory virus infections and Japanese cedar pollinosis. Objective We studied the relationship between respiratory viral infection and the appearance of preseasonal symptoms and the severity of seasonal symptoms in Japanese cedar pollinosis. Methods In 36 patients with asthma and with no symptoms (PreAsyP) and 54 patients with asthma and with symptoms (PreSyP) before the cedar pollen shedding commenced (preseason), and 37 patients with mild-to-moderate severity (InMild/Mod) and 45 patients with severe to extreme severity (InSev/Ext) after cedar shedding commenced (in season), the occurrence of respiratory viruses and nasal smear cytology were examined. Results In total, seven infections with respiratory viruses were detected among the subjects. Human rhinovirus (HRV) C infection was detected in one subject in each of the PreAsyP and PreSyP groups, and one HRVA infection occurred in the InMild/Mod group. In the InSev/Ext group, one HRVA, one HRVC, one respiratory syncytial virus, and one human metapneumovirus were detected. There was no significant difference in the rate of detection of viral infections between the PreAsyP and the PreSyP groups (p = 0.077), and between the InMild/Mod group and the InSev/Ext group (p = 0.24, Wilcoxon rank sum test). When cells types in nasal smears were identified and their abundance examined, the rate of neutrophilia in the subjects in the PreSyP group was 54%, which was statistically higher (p < 0.01) than the subjects in the PreAsyP group (25%). Interestingly, in the subjects in the InSev/Ext group, the proportion of eosinophils (40%) was larger (p < 0.05) than in the subjects in the InMild/Mod group (19%). Conclusion These results provided no evidence that respiratory virus infections contributed to preseasonal symptoms and severity in season of Japanese cedar pollinosis. Nasal neutrophilia was related to preseasonal symptoms, whereas nasal eosinophilia was related to severity of symptoms during the pollen season.

scholarly journals Respiratory Virus Infections in Adults with Hematologic Malignancies: A Prospective Study

2003 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Martino ◽  
Elena Rámila ◽  
Núria Rabella ◽  
José Manuel Muñoz ◽  
Mercé Peyret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Hematologic Malignancies ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infections

Abstract During a 2-year period, 157 consecutive episodes of respiratory virus infections that occurred in 130 patients with upper or lower respiratory tract infection were analyzed for respiratory viruses. A respiratory virus was identified in 75 episodes (48%), and several viruses were found in 13 episodes: there were a total of 56 influenza A virus infections, 14 respiratory syncytial virus infections, 8 adenovirus infections, 8 infections with parainfluenza virus types 1 or 3, and 7 enterovirus infections. On multivariate analysis, the only variable that predicted progression to pneumonia in patients with an upper respiratory tract infection was the presence of respiratory syncytial virus, whereas lymphocytopenia had a nonsignificant trend. Also, among the 38 patients who had pneumonia at any time during the episode, both respiratory syncytial virus and lymphocytopenia were commonly found. For both epidemiological and therapeutic considerations, frequent screening for respiratory viruses should be incorporated into the routine diagnostic study of patients with hematologic malignancies.

scholarly journals COVID-19 mitigation strategies were associated with decreases in other respiratory virus infections

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinha Pranay ◽  
Katherine Reifler ◽  
Michael Rossi ◽  
Manish Sagar
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory

Abstract Detection of diverse respiratory viruses in Boston was around 80% lower after practices were instituted to limit COVID-19 spread compared to the same time period during the previous five years. Continuing the strategies that lower COVID-19 dissemination may be useful in decreasing the incidence of other viral respiratory infections.

scholarly journals Digging through the Obstruction: Insight into the Epithelial Cell Response to Respiratory Virus Infection in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis

2016 ◽  
Vol 90 (9) ◽  
pp. 4258-4261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Hendricks ◽  
Jennifer M. Bomberger
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Chronic Lung Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infections

Respiratory virus infections are common but generally self-limiting infections in healthy individuals. Although early clinical studies reported low detection rates, the development of molecular diagnostic techniques by PCR has led to an increased recognition that respiratory virus infections are associated with morbidity and acute exacerbations of chronic lung diseases, such as cystic fibrosis (CF). The airway epithelium is the first barrier encountered by respiratory viruses following inhalation and the primary site of respiratory viral replication. Here, we describe how the airway epithelial response to respiratory viral infections contributes to disease progression in patients with CF and other chronic lung diseases, including the role respiratory viral infections play in bacterial acquisition in the CF patient lung.

scholarly journals Authentic Modeling of Human Respiratory Virus Infection in Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Lung Organoids

mBio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Porotto ◽  
M. Ferren ◽  
Y.-W. Chen ◽  
Y. Siu ◽  
N. Makhsous ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Human Lung ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Distal Lung ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infections

ABSTRACTInfectious viruses so precisely fit their hosts that the study of natural viral infection depends on host-specific mechanisms that affect viral infection. For human parainfluenza virus 3, a prevalent cause of lower respiratory tract disease in infants, circulating human viruses are genetically different from viruses grown in standard laboratory conditions; the surface glycoproteins that mediate host cell entry on circulating viruses are suited to the environment of the human lung and differ from those of viruses grown in cultured cells. Polarized human airway epithelium cultures have been used to represent the large, proximal airways of mature adult airways. Here we modeled respiratory virus infections that occur in children or infect the distal lung using lung organoids that represent the entire developing infant lung. These 3D lung organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells contain mesoderm and pulmonary endoderm and develop into branching airway and alveolar structures. Whole-genome sequencing analysis of parainfluenza viruses replicating in the organoids showed maintenance of nucleotide identity, suggesting that no selective pressure is exerted on the virus in this tissue. Infection with parainfluenza virus led to viral shedding without morphological changes, while respiratory syncytial virus infection induced detachment and shedding of infected cells into the lung organoid lumens, reminiscent of parainfluenza and respiratory syncytial virus in human infant lungs. Measles virus infection, in contrast, induced syncytium formation. These human stem cell-derived lung organoids may serve as an authentic model for respiratory viral pathogenesis in the developing or infant lung, recapitulating respiratory viral infection in the host.IMPORTANCERespiratory viruses are among the first pathogens encountered by young children, and the significant impact of these viral infections on the developing lung is poorly understood. Circulating viruses are suited to the environment of the human lung and are different from those of viruses grown in cultured cells. We modeled respiratory virus infections that occur in children or infect the distal lung using lung organoids that represent the entire developing infant lung. These 3D lung organoids, derived from human pluripotent stem cells, develop into branching airway and alveolar structures and provide a tissue environment that maintains the authentic viral genome. The lung organoids can be genetically engineered prior to differentiation, thereby generating tissues bearing or lacking specific features that may be relevant to viral infection, a feature that may have utility for the study of host-pathogen interaction for a range of lung pathogens.

scholarly journals Sex differences in innate anti-viral immune responses to respiratory viruses and in their clinical outcomes in a birth cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eteri Regis ◽  
Sara Fontanella ◽  
Lijing Lin ◽  
Rebecca Howard ◽  
Sadia Haider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infections

AbstractThe mechanisms explaining excess morbidity and mortality in respiratory infections among males are poorly understood. Innate immune responses are critical in protection against respiratory virus infections. We hypothesised that innate immune responses to respiratory viruses may be deficient in males. We stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 345 participants at age 16 years in a population-based birth cohort with three live respiratory viruses (rhinoviruses A16 and A1, and respiratory syncytial virus) and two viral mimics (R848 and CpG-A, to mimic responses to SARS-CoV-2) and investigated sex differences in interferon (IFN) responses. IFN-α responses to all viruses and stimuli were 1.34–2.06-fold lower in males than females (P = 0.018 −  < 0.001). IFN-β, IFN-γ and IFN-induced chemokines were also deficient in males across all stimuli/viruses. Healthcare records revealed 12.1% of males and 6.6% of females were hospitalized with respiratory infections in infancy (P = 0.017). In conclusion, impaired innate anti-viral immunity in males likely results in high male morbidity and mortality from respiratory virus infections.

scholarly journals The Disappearance of Respiratory Viruses in Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9550
Author(s):  
Anna Chiara Vittucci ◽  
Livia Piccioni ◽  
Luana Coltella ◽  
Claudia Ciarlitto ◽  
Livia Antilici ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Epidemic Period ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infections ◽  
The Impact

Background: Social distancing measures are used to reduce the spreading of COVID-19. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of local restrictions on the transmission of respiratory virus infections. Methods: we retrospectively analyzed the nasopharyngeal samples of all patients (0–18 years old) admitted with respiratory symptoms in a large Italian tertiary hospital during the last three seasons from 2018 to 2021. Results: A strong reduction in all viral respiratory infections was observed in the last season (2020–2021) compared to the two previous seasons (−79.69% and −80.66%, respectively). In particular, we found that during the epidemic period 2018–2019 and 2019–2020, the total number of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) cases was, respectively 726 and 689, while in the last season a total of five cases was detected. In the first months of 2018–2019 and 2019–2020, the total flu infections were 240 and 354, respectively, while in the last season we did not detect any influenza virus. As other viruses, the presence of Rhinovirus declined, but to a lesser extent: a total of 488 cases were assessed compared to the 1030 and 1165 cases of the two previous respective epidemic seasons. Conclusions: Public health interventions and distancing (including continuous use of face masks) settled to counter the pandemic spread of COVID-19 had a macroscopic impact on all respiratory virus transmission and related diseases, with a partial exception of Rhinovirus. The absence of viruses’ circulation could result in a lack of immunity and increased susceptibility to serious infections in the next seasons.

scholarly journals Toll-Like Receptor 4-Mediated Activation of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Is a Determinant of Respiratory Virus Entry and Tropism

2010 ◽  
Vol 84 (21) ◽  
pp. 11359-11373 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Marchant ◽  
Gurpreet K. Singhera ◽  
Soraya Utokaparch ◽  
Tillie L. Hackett ◽  
John H. Boyd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
P38 Mapk ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Toll Like Receptor 4 ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infections

ABSTRACT Respiratory viruses exert a heavy toll of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite this burden there are few specific treatments available for respiratory virus infections. Since many viruses utilize host cell enzymatic machinery such as protein kinases for replication, we determined whether pharmacological inhibition of kinases could, in principle, be used as a broad antiviral strategy for common human respiratory virus infections. A panel of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing recombinant respiratory viruses, including an isolate of H1N1 influenza virus (H1N1/Weiss/43), was used to represent a broad range of virus families responsible for common respiratory infections (Adenoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Picornaviridae, and Orthomyxoviridae). Kinase inhibitors were screened in a high-throughput assay that detected virus infection in human airway epithelial cells (1HAEo-) using a fluorescent plate reader. Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling was able to significantly inhibit replication by all viruses tested. Therefore, the pathways involved in virus-mediated p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) MAPK activation were investigated using bronchial epithelial cells and primary fibroblasts derived from MyD88 knockout mouse lungs. Influenza virus, which activated p38 MAPK to approximately 10-fold-greater levels than did respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in 1HAEo- cells, was internalized about 8-fold faster and more completely than RSV. We show for the first time that p38 MAPK is a determinant of virus infection that is dependent upon MyD88 expression and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligation. Imaging of virus-TLR4 interactions showed significant clustering of TLR4 at the site of virus-cell interaction, triggering phosphorylation of downstream targets of p38 MAPK, suggesting the need for a signaling receptor to activate virus internalization.

SEROLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF RESPIRATORY VIRUS INFECTIONS IN MOSCOW CHILDREN, 1948 TO 1956

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 402-404
Author(s):  
V. V. Ritova ◽  
V. M. Zhdanov ◽  
E. I. Schastny
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Acute Respiratory Disease ◽  
Serological Evidence ◽  
Parainfluenza Viruses ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infections

1. The study of sera collected between 1948 and 1956 from children with acute respiratory disease showed that outbreaks were caused by adenoviruses, parainfluenza viruses, reoviruses, rhinoviruses, ECHO viruses, and Coxsackie viruses. 2. Adenovirus infections were the most prevalent. Other viral infections were prevalent in certain years. 3. Mixed infections with two viruses constituted about 10% of all cases.

scholarly journals Etiology and Clinical Characteristics of Single and Multiple Respiratory Virus Infections Diagnosed in Croatian Children in Two Respiratory Seasons

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunčanica Ljubin-Sternak ◽  
Tatjana Marijan ◽  
Irena Ivković-Jureković ◽  
Jasna Čepin-Bogović ◽  
Alenka Gagro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Hospitalized Children ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Viral Etiology ◽  
Parainfluenza Viruses ◽  
Multiple Virus ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infections

The aim of this study was to determine the causative agent of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in hospitalized children, as well as investigate the characteristics of ARIs with single and multiple virus detection in two respiratory seasons. In 2010 and 2015, nasopharyngeal and pharyngeal swabs from a total of 134 children, admitted to the hospital due to ARI, were tested using multiplex PCR. Viral etiology was established in 81.3% of the patients. Coinfection with two viruses was diagnosed in 27.6% of the patients, and concurrent detection of three or more viruses was diagnosed in 12.8% of the patients. The most commonly diagnosed virus in both seasons combined was respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (28.6%), followed by parainfluenza viruses (PIVs) types 1–3 (18.4%), rhinovirus (HRV) (14.3%), human metapneumovirus (10.1%), adenovirus (AdV) (7.1%), influenza viruses types A and B (4.8%), and coronaviruses (4.2%). In 2015, additional pathogens were investigated with the following detection rate: enterovirus (13.2%), bocavirus (HBoV) (10.5%), PIV-4 (2.6%), and parechovirus (1.3%). There were no statistical differences between single and multiple virus infection regarding patients age, localization of infection, and severity of disease(P>0.05). AdV, HRV, HBoV, and PIVs were significantly more often detected in multiple virus infections compared to the other respiratory viruses(P<0.001).

Reduction in Rate of Nosocomial Respiratory Virus Infections in a Children’s Hospital Associated With Enhanced Isolation Precautions

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorry G. Rubin ◽  
Nina Kohn ◽  
Susan Nullet ◽  
Margaret Hill
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Children's Hospital ◽  
Children’S Hospital ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infections ◽  
Hospital Days

OBJECTIVETo determine whether the use of enhanced isolation precautions (droplet and contact precautions) for inpatients with respiratory tract viral infections is associated with a reduction in rate of nosocomial viral respiratory infections.DESIGNQuasi-experimental study with the rate of nosocomial respiratory virus infection as the primary dependent variable and rate of nosocomialClostridium difficileinfection as a nonequivalent dependent variable comparator.SETTINGCohen Children’s Medical Center of NY, a tertiary-care children’s hospital attached to a large general hospital.INTERVENTIONDuring years 1 and 2 (July 2012 through June 2014), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee’s recommended isolation precautions for inpatients with selected respiratory virus infections were in effect. Enhanced isolation precautions were in effect during years 3 and 4 (July, 2014 through June, 2016), except for influenza, for which enhanced precautions were in effect during year 4 only.RESULTSDuring the period of enhanced isolation precautions, the rate of nosocomial respiratory virus infections with any of 4 virus categories decreased 39% from 0.827 per 1,000 hospital days prior to enhanced precautions to 0.508 per 1,000 hospital days (P<.0013). Excluding rhinovirus/enterovirus infections, the rates decreased 58% from 0.317 per 1,000 hospital days to 0.134 per 1,000 hospital days during enhanced precautions (P<.0014). During these periods, no significant change was detected in the rate of nosocomialC. difficileinfection.CONCLUSIONSEnhanced isolation precautions for inpatients with respiratory virus infections were associated with a reduction in the rate of nosocomial respiratory virus infections.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2018;39:152–156

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