The model of State financial aid to business during the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia: A framework, tools, and practices

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-140
Author(s):  
Tat'yana Yu. KISELEVA ◽  
Lola D. SANGINOVA
Keyword(s):  
Financial Aid ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Single Model ◽  
Force Majeure ◽  
Business Support ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
National Model ◽  
Official Data

Subject. The article discusses the financial aid the State provides to business during the COVID-19 crisis. Objectives. We analyze the financial aid the State provides to the Russian businesses as a single model, considering the national specifics. Methods. The study involves methods of analysis and synthesis, comparative analysis, generalization, etc. The study is based on factual and official data for H1 2020. Results. There is a national model of the financial aid the State provides to businesses in Russia, which is intended to temporarily provide businesses with funds in force majeure and ensure their uninterrupted operation, protect small and medium-sized business and market competition. We analyze key tools of the State support and substantiate our suggestions how it should be maintained for certain types and areas of business in the post-crisis period. Conclusions and Relevance. The current situation with COVID-19 made the State organize business support, provide businesses with financial resources on certain terms or use business protection tools.

TASKS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS IN THE FIELD OF FIRE IN LEGAL AND PRACTICAL TERMS, BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE CITY OF BIELSKO-BIAŁA AND BIELSKI COUNTY – SELECTED ISSUES

2021 ◽  
Vol specjalny (XXI) ◽  
pp. 767-789
Author(s):  
Jarosław Storczyński
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Financial Aid ◽  
Fire Protection ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Fire Service ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
The City

The article presents the tasks imposed on the city of Bielsko-Biała in the field of fire protection, consisting of bearing the costs of equipment and maintenance of fire protection units in the field of Voluntary Fire Brigades by the commune. The amounts of financial resources spent on the above-mentioned purposes were given on the basis of the report on the condition of the city of Bielsko-Biała for 2018 and 2019. The poviat’s tasks in the field of fire protection were also discussed, and based on the report on the state of the Bielski poviat for 2018 and 2019, data on financial aid granted by the Bielski poviat for poviat structures of the State Fire Service and Volunteer Fire Brigades were provided. Some of the issues were devoted to indicating the legal basis for the operation and tasks performed by fire protection units performing tasks in the field of fire protection in the city of Bielsko-Biała and the Bielski poviat, i.e. the Municipal Headquarters of the State Fire Service in Bielsko-Biała and units of the Volunteer Fire Brigades. As regards the Municipal Headquarters of the State Fire Service, its organizational structure has been presented, with particular attention being paid to the rescue and firefighting units located in the city of Bielsko-Biała and the station located in Czechowice-Dziedzice. Tasks performed by the Municipal Headquarters of the State Fire Service in 2019 and for the period January - November 2020 for the city of Bielsko-Biała and the Bielski County were presented on the basis of statistical data of the Municipal Headquarters of the State Fire Service in Bielsko-Biała available on the website of the Headquarters. The tasks of the Volunteer Fire Brigades units, the rules of qualifying units of the Volunteer Fire Brigades to the National Rescue and Firefighting System and the rules of their departure to events in the city of Bielsko-Biała and the Bielski County were discussed. Tasks carried out by units of the Volunteer Fire Brigades in 2019 for the city of Bielsko-Biała and the Bielski County were presented on the basis of statistical data from the Municipal Headquarters of the State Fire Service in Bielsko-Biała available on the website of the Headquarters

scholarly journals COMPETITION LAW IN REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA - 20 YEARS OF COMPETITION LAW IN REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 43-68
Author(s):  
Borka Tushevska
Keyword(s):  
Market Competition ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Competition Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Competition Laws ◽  
The Republic

This article examines the laws in the Republic of north Macedonia (hereinafter RNM), that prohibit agreements among competitors to fix prices, divide markets or in other ways avoid or undermine market competition, otherwise known as competition laws. it explores the conditions and challenges in implementing Macedonian competition laws, as well as the role of the state (regulatory) authorities, the degree to which the competition laws comply with the European Union’s competition laws, and finally, the degree to which competition laws are effective and beneficial for the Macedonian economy. Properly implemented competition laws hold much promise. The enactment of competition laws is fundamental for the benefits of a market economy to be achieved. This encompasses economic growth, innovation, lower prices and higher quality of goods and services. The enactment of competition laws since the independence of the Republic of Macedonia1 is furthermore important. This is due to Macedonian obligations to meet the requirements for EU accession. Additionally, adoption of competition law and competition by-laws in RNM, positively affects on the work of authorities for the protection of competition. What is most important, this competition legal regime represents a base for reducing the abuse of the state authorities and theirs incompetent behaviors. At the end, the article contains conclusions, opinions and suggestions from the conducted research, which hopefully will be beneficial for the relevant auditorium. The analytical-descriptive method, the comparative method, the method of analysis and synthesis, and the method of induction and deduction were used to analyze the subject matter for this article.

Power Projects and Covid-19: A Practical Analysis of the Relevance of Force Majeure Clauses under the Standardised Power Purchase and Implementation Agreements of Uganda

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-193
Author(s):  
Aisha Naiga ◽  
Loyola Rwabose Karobwa
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
The State ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Force Majeure ◽  
Practical Analysis ◽  
Energy Justice

Over 90% of Uganda's power is generated from renewable sources. Standardised Implementation Agreements and Power Purchase Agreements create a long-term relationship between Generating Companies and the state-owned off-taker guaranteed by Government. The COVID-19 pandemic and measures to curb the spread of the virus have triggered the scrutiny and application of force majeure (FM) clauses in these agreements. This article reviews the FM clauses and considers their relevance. The authors submit that FM clauses are a useful commercial tool for achieving energy justice by ensuring the continuity of the project, despite the dire effects of the pandemic. Proposals are made for practical considerations for a post-COVID-19 future which provides the continued pursuit of policy goals of promoting renewable energy sources and increasing access to clean energy, thus accelerating just energy transitions.

FEATURES OF RISK MANAGEMENT AFTER REALIZING PPP PROJECTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
pp. 179-190
Author(s):  
Mariya Zinovievivna Masik
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Risks ◽  
Contract Negotiations ◽  
The Public ◽  
Political Risks ◽  
Force Majeure ◽  
Investment Agreement ◽  
The Law ◽  
Partnership Agreement

The article is devoted to the clarification of the peculiarities of risk management during the implementation of PPP projects. The author identifies a set of risks for a private partner, business risks of PPP projects and the main risks associated with the protests of the public, as well as public and international organizations. The typical risks of PPP projects are presented, including force majeure, political risks, profitability risks, operational, construction, financial risks, and the risk of default. The world experience of sharing risks between the partners is presented. Also named are the main methods for assessing the risks of PPP projects. It has been determined that the conditions on which the parties should reach agreement in order for the contract to be concluded are essential. Risk management can be implemented within the framework of the essential conditions for the allocation of risks. However, the provisions of the law provide for the allocation of only those risks identified by the results of an analysis of the effectiveness of the PPP project. Legislation does not directly determine how risks can be allocated to the risks identified during the pre-contract negotiations (or even at a later stage), but not taken into account in the analysis of efficiency. For example, suggestions on the terms of the partnership agreement as part of the bidding proposal may include suggestions on risk management mechanisms. There are no definite and can not be fully defined possible ways of managing risks in view of their specificity for a particular project. For this purpose, it is advisable to provide for a period of familiarization with the draft tender documentation and the possibility of making changes to it based on the findings received from potential contestants. It is also advisable to foresee cases in which it is possible to review certain terms of the contract without a competition. It is substantiated that the law does not restrict the possibility of foreseeing specific terms of an agreement on the implementation of the PPP project or to conclude additional (auxiliary) contractual instruments (for example, an investment agreement). At the same time, when laying down conditions not provided for by law, it is necessary to take into account the scope of competence of the state partner. Also, in order to ensure the principle of equality of conditions, the state partner should provide such additional conditions in the tender documentation.

ESPORTS TOURNAMENTS AS A FORM OF STRATEGIC PROMOTION OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
V. V. VELIKOROSSOV ◽  
◽  
Yu. M. BRYUKHANOV ◽  
A. O. TITOVA ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
The State ◽  
Generation Z ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Analytical Studies ◽  
International Consulting ◽  
The World ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Effective Integration ◽  
Official Data

The article is dedicated to eSports as a new and promising sector of the world economy that provides businesses with effective integration scenarios. This contributes to the development of cooperation of private and public investors with eSports holdings, as well as to the involvement of the generation Z audience in promising consumption of interested companies’ products. The article examines the current trends in the development of the eSports market using analytical studies of international consulting companies. The official data characterizing the state of the eSports market in Russia are also represented. The article provides information about the model of monetization of eSports and its perspective directions. In conclusion, the article makes the necessary inferences to assess the prospects of such areas of the economy as eSports, both for the industry of interactive entertainment and for representatives of other market sectors.

METHOD OF COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF OPTIONS FOR JOINT USE OF TRADITIONAL AND NEW TYPES OF HIGH-TECH PRODUCTS

2019 ◽  
pp. 100-107
Author(s):  
A. M. Batkovsky ◽  
A. V. Leonov ◽  
A. Yu. Pronin ◽  
A. V. Fomina
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
New Products ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Pareto Optimal ◽  
Fixed Set ◽  
The Law

In conditions of limited financial resources of the state, the task of assessing the appropriateness and choosing rational options for the joint use of traditional and new types of high-tech products is topical. The paper proposes a method for substantiating rational options for the joint use of traditional and new products of high-tech products, based on the criteria of their comparative technical and economic assessment, namely, comparing the achieved efficiency and the required cost of performing a fixed set of tasks. The dialectical foundations of the method are presented, in particular, it is established that the law of development of high-tech products fully corresponds to the well-known classical law of «denial of denial». The structure of the method, the order of formation of the set of Pareto-optimal options for the joint use of traditional and new products, as well as the algorithm for choosing a rational option are considered.

The French Nitrogen Industry during the Interwar Period: The Ambiguous Relationship between the State and Manufacturers

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-212
Author(s):  
Michael Llopart
Keyword(s):  
Market Competition ◽  
The State ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Private Industry ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
The First World War ◽  
French Case ◽  
International Cartel ◽  
First World

Abstract At the end of the First World War, the French government seized the opportunity to acquire the chemical processes of the German firm BASF, including the Haber-Bosch process. This patent made it possible to synthesize nitrogen from the air and thus produce nitrogen fertilizers in large quantities. French industrialists, however, refused to acquire these patents, and to make up for this lack of private sector involvement, the French Parliament decided in 1924 to create a national plant (ONIA), which became the first state-owned plant to be exposed to market competition. The intention was for the ONIA to supply the army with nitric acid in times of war, and, in peacetime, to sell fertilizers at the lowest possible prices in order to curb the monopoly of the private industry cartel. The purpose of this article is therefore to study the establishment and organisation of the French market for nitrogen fertilisers during the inter-war period by raising a number of questions about the ambiguous and complex relations between the state and private industry in this strategic sector. Why was the state policy initiated with the ONIA not successful at first? From 1927-1928, once the ONIA was operational, why and how did the public and private players jointly organise the marketing of fertilisers even though their interests were partially divergent? From the economic crisis of the 1930s onwards, how did the regulation of this mixed market evolve and how were public/private tensions overcome? In the French case, why did French producers leave the international cartel very early on in favour of state protectionism? And finally, to what extent can it be said that this “managed economy” framework succeeded in satisfying all the players in the French nitrogen industry?

Ensuring food security amid the spread of COVID-19

Ekonomika APK ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 321 (7) ◽  
pp. 16-27
Author(s):  
Mykola Pugachov ◽  
Olha Khodakivska ◽  
Oleksandr Shpykuliak ◽  
Nataliia Patyka ◽  
Olena Hryschenko
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Products ◽  
The State ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Healthy Nutrition ◽  
Economic Methods ◽  
Force Majeure ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of the article is to carry out an analytical assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the level of food security in Ukraine. Research methods. The research was based on general scientific and economic methods, the creative heritage of the founders of economic science, publications of Ukrainian and foreign scientists on the impact of quarantine restrictions related to the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic on the level of food security of the country, regulatory legal acts, data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, electronic resources and other sources. The monographic approach is used to analyze the dynamics of the actual consumption of agri-food products and the level of food independence for individual agri-food products. Normative and positive approaches are used to highlight real risks and threats to food security. A number of techniques of abstract-logical tools made it possible to make a scientific and applied generalization of the material presented, to formulate intermediate and final conclusions and proposals. Research results. An analytical assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the consumption of agri-food products and the level of food independence for individual agri-food products has been carried out. It has been proven that Ukraine produces enough food to ensure healthy nutrition for citizens. It has been determined that due to the low purchasing power of the population, groups of citizens with low incomes have limited access to essential agricultural and food products. In the medium and long term, there will be a shortage of food resources and global food inflation, the situation in agricultural markets will remain unstable, and trade will continue to develop under the influence of not only competition, but also political factors. Scientific novelty. The theoretical and methodological provisions, scientific, methodological and practical approaches to determining the factors of influence of quarantine measures and the spread of COVID-19 to the level of food security of the state have been substantiated. Assessing the impact of quarantine measures and the spread of COVID-19 on food security made it possible to identify the main risks of ensuring the country's food security. Practical significance. The applied aspects of the study can be taken into account in the formation of programs for the socio-economic development of the agri-food sector of Ukraine, which will increase the effectiveness of state initiatives aimed at ensuring food security of the state and increase the country's readiness for force majeure threats. Tabl.: 7. Figs.: 3. Refs.: 17.

Profit as a key motive and the resulting indicator of the activity of state corporations

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-49
Author(s):  
M.V. Dubrova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Project Financing ◽  
State Development ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Priority Areas ◽  
The World ◽  
Development Institutions ◽  
State Corporation

Development institutions are becoming the most important tools for regulating economic activity both in Russia and in the world, through the implementation of social projects, the accumulation of financial resources and their direction to the priority areas of state development. The purpose of the study is to study the financial results of state corporations, in particular development institutions, and their role in providing project financing. The proposed article provides an assessment of the profit of the state corporation «Bank for Development and Foreign Economic Activity» (GC «Vnesheconombank»), emphasizes the specifics of the state corporation as a non-profit organization, and provides recommendations for improving the efficiency of the financial activities of the GC «Bank for Development and Foreign Economic Activity».

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