Renewable energy and GCC States energy challenges in the 21st century: A review

The 21st century is the period of the rapid growth and development of renewable energy, which refers to fuel and raw materials that replaces the oil and can be recycled and required by people’s living and production activities, and biomass energy resides in the first of renewable energy. This paper carries on a analysis and study mainly on the three basic technologies of biomass energy, analyzes the meaning and future development trend of biomass energy and proposes measures of the development.

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The Impact of Magnetic Materials in Renewable Energy-Related Technologies in the 21st Century Industrial Revolution: The Case of South Africa

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering ◽

10.1155/2018/3149412 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wallace Matizamhuka

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Magnetic Materials ◽

21St Century ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

Permanent Magnets ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Renewable Energy Technologies ◽

Energy Technologies ◽

The Impact

Magnetic materials specifically permanent magnets are critical for the efficient performance of many renewable energy technologies. The increased reliance on renewable energy sources has accelerated research in energy-related technologies the world over. The use of rare-earth (RE) metals in permanent magnets continues to be a source of greater concern owing to the limited RE supply coupled with dwindling reserves on the globe. This review focuses on how this has impacted on the state-of-the-art magnetic materials that continue to play a pivotal role in driving renewable energy technologies. Magnetic materials are perceived as key in driving the 21st century industrial revolution, and the participation of South Africa in this energy paradigm is critical in driving a new industrial revolution within the African continent. A number of opportunities are highlighted, and clarity is given on the several ubiquitous misconceptions and the risks on the heavy reliance on a single source for RE magnetic materials.

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How the energy market will change water services

Water Practice & Technology ◽

10.2166/wpt.2011.061 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Eilard Jacobs

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Solar Energy ◽

20Th Century ◽

21St Century ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Green Buildings ◽

Water Utilities ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Energy Market ◽

Water Services

In the 20th century energy and water services are provided by large centralized systems. The development of renewable energy sources, especially solar energy, however generates a transition towards more decentralized services in the 21st century. The development of green buildings and other off the grid solutions facilitates a growing demand for these decentralized solutions, not only for energy but also for water services. It is the challenge for water utilities to be a player this development.

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A Mathematical Description of Selected Energy Transition Scenarios in the 21st Century, Intended to Realize the Main Goals of the Paris Climate Agreement

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14092558 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (9) ◽

pp. 2558

Author(s):

Askar A. Akaev ◽

Olga I. Davydova

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

21St Century ◽

Mathematical Description ◽

Energy Transition ◽

Hydrocarbon Fuels ◽

Paris Climate Agreement ◽

Great Energy

On 4 November 2016, the historic Paris Climate Agreement of the United Nations entered into force, requiring signatory countries to maintain global warming at the level of 1.5–2 °C. According to the calculations of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), to achieve this goal, a 2/3 reduction in greenhouse gas energy emissions into the atmosphere compared with gaseous energy-related emissions in 2019 (33.3 Gt) by about 2050 (1.5 °C) or by 2070 (2 °C) is required. According to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), this is only possible with the implementation of a great energy transition from the use of currently dominant fossil hydrocarbon fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas—to the predominant use of renewable energy sources (RES) by 2040–2050, when the share of renewable energy in the total energy balance will reach 40% and above. In this work, mathematical description of an upcoming energy transition has been carried out, including long-term scenario writing of the world’s demographic dynamics and global energy demand, calculation of the dynamics of industrial CO2 emissions and CO2 accumulation in the Earth’s atmosphere, as well as the corresponding changes in the average global temperature of the Earth’s surface in the 21st century. A mathematical description of the impact of energy consumption on climate change was carried out taking into account long-term trends in the dynamics of energy consumption. Using the performed mathematically-oriented scenario writing, it is suggested that a great energy transition with the achievement of the goals of the Paris Agreement is possible only by 2060. Renewable energy could sufficiently displace and replace hydrocarbon fuels to achieve climate safety without compromising economic development. As a result, humanity will receive an environmentally friendly decentralized distributed energy system, connected by «smart» grids, controlled by intelligent digital technologies.

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THERMOELECTRIC MATERIALS: FUNDAMENTAL, APPLICATIONS AND CHALLENGES

Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.15625/2525-2518/56/1a/12498 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 56 (1A) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bui Duc Long

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

21St Century ◽

Thermoelectric Materials ◽

Waste Heat ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Dissimilar Materials ◽

Energy Conversion Efficiency ◽

Low Energy ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Gas Emission

Energy and the environment are popular themes in the 21st century because both are closely interlinked. The current technologies are focusing on finding new, clean, safe and renewable energy sources for a better environment. Thermoelectric (TE) materials are able to generate electricity when applied a temperature different at a junction of two dissimilar materials. This is a promising technology to directly convert waste heat into electricity without any gas emission, thus providing one of the most clean and safe energy. However, the applications of TE devices are still limited due to its low energy conversion efficiency and high material cost. As a result, researches in TE materials are mainly focusing on the improving of efficiency and developing cheap materials. In this paper, the fundamental, challenges and applications of thermoelectric materials were reviewed. In addition, currently research in thermoelectric materials and improving their efficiency will also be reviewed.

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GREEN TOWERS AND ICONIC DESIGN: Cases from Three Continents

International Journal of Architectural Research Archnet-IJAR ◽

10.26687/archnet-ijar.v8i1.336 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 11 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Kheir M Al-Kodmany

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

21St Century ◽

Clean Technology ◽

Green Design ◽

Design Strategies ◽

Environmental Consciousness ◽

Bioclimatic Design ◽

The World

Recently, massive urbanization, increasingly denser cities and environmental consciousness are pushing architects to build “green” skyscraper. This paper examines the emergence of a notable type of skyscrapers which depart from purely image-driven structures, and emphasizes functionality and energy efficiency. It argues that breathtaking green design and practical clean technology are merged to give birth to green architectural aesthetics. Upon reviewing over 30 towers from various parts of the world, the paper identifies salient green design strategies that provide new iconicity including: structural efficiencies, renewable energy, façade technology, greeneries, and bioclimatic design. Findings suggest that a dynamic synergy among innovative green design strategies, new architectural languages and exciting aesthetics has constituted a trend that is more likely to prevail in the 21st Century.

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