scholarly journals Techno-Economic Analysis of Biofuel Production Plants Producing Biofuels Using Fisher Tropsch Synthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-387
Author(s):  
Agate Veipa ◽  
Vladimirs Kirsanovs ◽  
Aiga Barisa
Keyword(s):  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Potential Production ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
Ft Synthesis ◽  
Synthetic Gas ◽  
End Products ◽  
Fisher Tropsch Synthesis

AbstractTo address rising climate change problems, one significant task is reducing pollution in the transport sector by substituting fossil with biomass-based fuels. One of the potential production methods is by Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis. Both gasoline and diesel types of fuel can be produced. For FT fuels a carbon containing feedstock is needed as an end product, it can be processed in multiple ways using various systems, however the main parts of production are biomass preparation and gasification, where afterwards clean-up of the synthetic gas is required. A liquid form from the syngas is achieved via FT synthesis, after which hydroprocessing is needed for separating naphtha, diesel, and lighter-molecularweight hydrocarbons or other components. For comparison of biofuel plants, the biomass of choice, production processes and end products were analysed, as well as economic feasibility of technologies, to determine whether the costs and investments required are reasonable for the possible outcome.

scholarly journals The Enrichment And Characterization Of Compost And Wastewater-Derived Microbial Cellulolytic Consortia For Biofuel Production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augustyna Dobosz
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Microbial Consortia ◽  
Extraction And Purification ◽  
End Products ◽  
Fermentative Activity ◽  
Incubation Temperatures ◽  
Current Energy

Over the last decade, a rise in energy demand and diminishing fuel resources have created a challenge for finding an alternative solution that could supplement our current energy sources. This study demonstrated that ethanol and other useful end-products can be produced from the fermentative activity of microbial consortia derived from cellulose-rich waste environments. Compost and wastewater were used as inoculum sources to enrich cellulolytic cultures at incubation temperatures 50 ºC and 60ºC. A chemically defined medium was used without complex nutrients such as yeast extract. Four cellulolytic cultures were obtained and their end-products were monitored over an active cellulose degrading period. The compost culture incubated at 50ºC produced the highest concentration of butyrate while the wastewater-derived culture incubated at 60ºC produced the highest ethanol concentration. Optimization of DNA extraction and purification from complex environmental samples such as the compost and wastewater cultures used in this study was also discussed.

scholarly journals Biofuels – Towards Objectives Of 2030 And Beyond

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-40
Author(s):  
Rafał M. Łukasik
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Carbon Neutrality ◽  
Environmental Criteria ◽  
Production Technologies

The European (and global) energy sector is in a process of profound transformation, making it essential for changes to take place that influence energy producers, operators, and regulators, as well as consumers themselves, as they are the ones who interact in the energy market. The RED II Directive changes the paradigm of the use of biomass in the heat and electricity sectors, by introducing sustainability criteria with mandatory minimum greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions and by establishing energy efficiency criteria. For the transport sector, the extension of the introduction of renewables to all forms of transport (aviation, maritime, rail and road short and long distance), between 2021-2030, the strengthening of energy efficiency and the strong need to reduce GHG emissions, are central to achieving the national targets for renewables in transport, representing the main structural changes in the European decarbonisation policy in that sector. It is necessary to add that biomass is potentially the only source of renewable energy that makes it possible to obtain negative GHG emission values, considering the entire life cycle including CO2 capture and storage. Hence, this work aims to analyse the relevance of biomass for CHP and in particular, the use of biomass for biofuels that contribute to achieving carbon neutrality in 2050. The following thematic sub-areas are addressed in this work: i) the new environmental criteria for the use of biomass for electricity in the EU in light of now renewable energy directive; ii) current and emerging biofuel production technologies and their respective decarbonization potential; iii) the relevance or not of the development of new infrastructures for distribution renewable fuels, alternatives to the existing ones (biomethane, hydrogen, ethanol); iv) the identification of the necessary measures for biomass in the period 2020-2030

scholarly journals Assessment of Feedstocks and Technologies for Advanced Biofuel Production

2020 ◽  
Vol 197 ◽  
pp. 05002
Author(s):  
Elena Cerruti ◽  
Francesca Di Gruttola ◽  
Giancarlo Lauro ◽  
Teresa Dina Valentini ◽  
Paolo Fiaschi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Costs ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Advanced Biofuel ◽  
Advanced Biofuels ◽  
Green Diesel ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Strategic Solution ◽  
Forestry Residues

The present contribution deals with a comprehensive analysis of the available feedstocks and the appropriate technologies to produce advanced biofuels. The analysis is focused on the EU countries, since they adopted policy measures able to promote advanced biofuels as a strategic solution for a competitive and sustainable transport sector. In this regard, four classes of feedstocks have been taken into account: wastes, vegetable oils, agricultural and forestry residues. Their availability is studied with the aim to respect the European targets in terms of emissions without neglecting possible negative impacts on environment and biodiversity. A metric for the classification of the different solutions is proposed on the basis of feedstocks availability, technology readiness levels (TRL), quality of the produced biofuel as well as feedstock and production costs. It is possible to conclude that, even if the several interesting alternatives currently available have a high ranking in the proposed metric and must be taken in consideration, green diesel is today the most convenient solution for producing advanced biofuel without risks of technological failures and feedstocks shortage. This analysis can provide insights to encourage the development of advanced biofuels in EU, especially for some of the Member States as Germany, France and Italy.

scholarly journals Sustainable Liquid Biofuels in New Zealand: Can Sustainability Standards Help Distinguish the Good from the Bad?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Natalie Grimmer
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Sustainability Assessment ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Sustainability Reporting ◽  
Social Impacts ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Reporting Scheme ◽  
Sustainability Standards

<p>Concerns surrounding the environmental and social impacts of biofuel production have led to the rapid development of biofuel sustainability assessment schemes internationally. The New Zealand government is currently developing a voluntary biofuel sustainability reporting scheme. This thesis assesses the extent to which a sustainability standard could support the domestic biofuels industry, and avoid negative environmental and social impacts associated with biofuel production. It describes the current scope of the domestic biofuel industry, discusses relevant environmental and social concerns relating to biofuel production, and reviews international literature surrounding sustainable biofuel initiatives. From a study of the literature New Zealand biofuels appear more sustainable than most, although direct and indirect land-use change should be included for feedstocks from energy crops. Impacts vary across feedstocks and production methods, and each biofuel must be considered in its own merit. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were undertaken with key stakeholders from industry, relevant government agencies, non-governmental organisations, and biofuel experts to discuss the potential for a domestic biofuels sustainability standard. The majority of stakeholders interviewed supported the development of a government-led sustainability standard, which would include principles addressing greenhouse gas emissions, food security and biodiversity loss. There is good evidence to support the movement towards mandatory sustainability requirements, as soon as this is feasible. In the future, biofuels should be supported by technology-neutral policies (such as carbon-pricing) which reward their benefits, rather than indiscriminately promoting biofuels. The development of enforceable sustainability standards is crucial if biofuels are to contribute to a future low-carbon transport sector in New Zealand.</p>

scholarly journals Economic analysis of sustainable management of candeia

CERNE ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Donizette de Oliveira ◽  
Ivonise Silva Andrade Ribeiro ◽  
José Roberto Soares Scolforo ◽  
José Márcio de Mello ◽  
José Luiz Pereira de Rezende
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Planning Horizon ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
The Interest Rate

Candeia wood (Eremanthus erythropappus) is widely used for production of essential oil and its active ingredient, alpha-bisabolol, is consumed by both the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry. This study aimed to determine the productivity and operating costs associated with exploration, transportation and commercialization of candeia timber obtained from sustainable management systems and used for oil production; to determine the gross income or revenue obtained from the sale of candeia timber; to analyze the economic feasibility of sustainable management of candeia. For the economic analysis, Net Present Value, Net Present Value over an infinite planning horizon, and Average Cost of Production methods were used. Results indicated that the most significant costs associated with candeia forest management involve transportation and exploration. Together they account for 64% of the total management cost. Candeia forest management for oil production is economically feasible, even in situations where the interest rate is high or timber price drops to levels well below currently effective prices. As far as candeia forest management is concerned, shorter harvest cycles allow higher profitability. However, even in situations where the harvest cycle is relatively long (30 years), the activity is still economically feasible.

scholarly journals Clostridium thermocellum as a Promising Source of Genetic Material for Designer Cellulosomes: An Overview

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 996
Author(s):  
Dung Minh Ha-Tran ◽  
Trinh Thi My Nguyen ◽  
Chieh-Chen Huang
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Thermocellum ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Consolidated Bioprocessing ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacterium ◽  
Microbial Conversion ◽  
Promising Source

Plant biomass-based biofuels have gradually substituted for conventional energy sources thanks to their obvious advantages, such as renewability, huge quantity, wide availability, economic feasibility, and sustainability. However, to make use of the large amount of carbon sources stored in the plant cell wall, robust cellulolytic microorganisms are highly demanded to efficiently disintegrate the recalcitrant intertwined cellulose fibers to release fermentable sugars for microbial conversion. The Gram-positive, thermophilic, cellulolytic bacterium Clostridium thermocellum possesses a cellulolytic multienzyme complex termed the cellulosome, which has been widely considered to be nature’s finest cellulolytic machinery, fascinating scientists as an auspicious source of saccharolytic enzymes for biomass-based biofuel production. Owing to the supra-modular characteristics of the C. thermocellum cellulosome architecture, the cellulosomal components, including cohesin, dockerin, scaffoldin protein, and the plentiful cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes have been widely used for constructing artificial cellulosomes for basic studies and industrial applications. In addition, as the well-known microbial workhorses are naïve to biomass deconstruction, several research groups have sought to transform them from non-cellulolytic microbes into consolidated bioprocessing-enabling microbes. This review aims to update and discuss the current progress in these mentioned issues, point out their limitations, and suggest some future directions.

scholarly journals Rotation-free industrial alignment of high performance optics

2020 ◽  
Vol 238 ◽  
pp. 03012
Author(s):  
Dennis Leenman ◽  
Frederic Berndt ◽  
Stefan Beyer
Keyword(s):  
High Precision ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Optical Axis ◽  
Independent Measurement ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
Conventional Production ◽  
End Products ◽  
Symmetric Systems

Conventional production methods for high precision lens alignment typically rely on lens rotation. In the case of rotationally non-symmetric optics and mounts, this is problematic. Here, we report a new concept for alignment bonding without lens rotation, based on a high precision linear bearing as position reference and a hexapod actuator for lens manipulation. For the optical axis of two test lenses after bonding, <1 arcmin element tilt and <10 μm decentre was achieved. This is confirmed by an independent measurement. Our alignment device and process can be applied for any lens and mount geometry. This will be especially useful for high-end products with small size and for rotationally non-symmetric systems.

scholarly journals Prevalence of COVID -19 Pandemic: A Paradigm Shift to Hydrogen Economy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismail Muhibbudin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Hydrogen Energy ◽  
Hydrogen Economy ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Consumption Energy

Covid-19 pandemic lockdown has slow down the world economic system. The pandemic has cleared the roads, close factories and grounded planes causing severe economic challenges. The damaging impact of the pandemic amid lockdown has been a blessing in guise for the environment because of significant drop in pollution level as transport and industrial sectors shutdown. Transport and industrial sectors are major contributors to environmental degradation through various emissions as a result of fossil fuel consumption. Energy consumed by transport and industrial sectors will have to shift to viable, readily available, economically and environmentally friendly with no carbon build up post Covid-19 pandemic. Hydrogen energy remains the best alternative option technologies containing green house gas emission and pollutions of several forms. Hydrogen holds the potential to provide a clean, reliable, renewable and economical source of energy for meeting the growing and unending global energy needs post pandemic. The present paper explores the economic feasibility and potential of hydrogen to serve as a competitive fuel option post pandemic. In this paper, the role of hydrogen as an energy carrier hydrogen economy structure, potential of hydrogen economy, hydrogen production methods, hydrogen application and the economic and environmental importance of hydrogen as a viable fuel option post covid-19 pandemic were discussed. There will be a surge in demand and investment for hydrogen economy post Covid-19.

scholarly journals Pyrrolidinium salt based binary and ternary deep eutectic solvents: green preparations and physiochemical property characterizations

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Wang ◽  
Sheila N. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Melting Point ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Preparation Process ◽  
Green Solvents ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Reaction Media

Abstract Ionic liquids (ILs) are considered to be green solvents for various applications. However, their synthesis via chemical reaction with by-products or waste produced is contradictory to the concept of green chemistry, and the purity problem and economic feasibility limit their applications in some large-scale industrial applications. 1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bromide ([bmpy][Br]), which is a molten salt with melting point above 100°C is a precursor of pyrrolidinium ILs, but hardly can be put under the category of IL because of its high melting point. In this study, [bmpy][Br] based binary deep eutectic solvent (BDES) and ternary deep eutectic solvent (TDES) were synthesized to prepare [bmpy][Br] in liquid form. During the preparation process, no reaction media was employed, no by-product was generated, and no further purification was required, thereby making it a completely green process. The prepared TDES has better thermal stability and larger free volume than BDES, which is potentially useful for sorption applications with high temperature requirement. It is also because of the green preparation process that the TDES is also expected to be capable for the large-scale industrial applications. This work is opening up new avenues for the study of binary and ternary IL-DES system and their applications.

scholarly journals Computational Approaches for Microalgal Biofuel Optimization: A Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Koussa ◽  
Amphun Chaiboonchoe ◽  
Kourosh Salehi-Ashtiani
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Metabolic Networks ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Production Optimization ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Metabolic System

The increased demand and consumption of fossil fuels have raised interest in finding renewable energy sources throughout the globe. Much focus has been placed on optimizing microorganisms and primarily microalgae, to efficiently produce compounds that can substitute for fossil fuels. However, the path to achieving economic feasibility is likely to require strain optimization through using available tools and technologies in the fields of systems and synthetic biology. Such approaches invoke a deep understanding of the metabolic networks of the organisms and their genomic and proteomic profiles. The advent of next generation sequencing and other high throughput methods has led to a major increase in availability of biological data. Integration of such disparate data can help define the emergent metabolic system properties, which is of crucial importance in addressing biofuel production optimization. Herein, we review major computational tools and approaches developed and used in order to potentially identify target genes, pathways, and reactions of particular interest to biofuel production in algae. As the use of these tools and approaches has not been fully implemented in algal biofuel research, the aim of this review is to highlight the potential utility of these resources toward their future implementation in algal research.

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