scholarly journals Tourist Transportation Generated Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions in Latvia

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-292
Author(s):  
Tamara Grizane ◽  
Inguna Jurgelane-Kaldava
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Positive Approach ◽  
Travel And Tourism ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The tourism has a close relation to the travel and tourism transport. Transport is the source of CO2 emissions. The aim of the research was to inspect the tourist transportation (TT) CO2 emissions caused by the tourist overnight trips, because any similar analysis up until now has not been made. For the determination of CO2 emissions from the TT a hybrid (top-down and bottom up) approach, correlation, regression was used. The author’s proposed algorithm for determining CO2 emissions from the TT is useful in the circumstances when there is not sufficient statistical data. In the research of regions of Latvia (NUTS 3) from 2012 to 2017, it was determined that the TT overnight trips indicated a reduction of CO2 emissions of 475 t/year. It is a positive approach in order to reach reduction of CO2 emissions according to the EU criteria for 2030; however, it left a negative impact on the national GDP. Finding solution to this economical problem is the aim of the next researches.

scholarly journals Influence of pressure and time on extraction process using supercritical CO2

2008 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Micic ◽  
Z. Lepojevic ◽  
B. Mandic ◽  
M. Jotanovic ◽  
G. Tadic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Supercritical Co2 ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Salvia Officinalis ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Salvia Officinalis L ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) by carbon dioxide (CO2) of Salvia officinalis L. was investigated. SFE by CO2 was performed at different pressure (80, 100, 150, 200 and 300 bar) and constant temperature of 40?C (all other extraction conditions, such are flow rate, particle diameter of Salvia officinalis, extraction time were kept constant. The GC-MS method was used for determination of qualitative and quantitative composition of obtained extracts and essential oils.

scholarly journals Europeanisation and the restraint of trade doctrine

Legal Studies ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 623-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Catherine Lucey
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Interface Problem ◽  
Top Down ◽  
High Court ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Eu Competition Law ◽  
Applied Art ◽  
Competition Rules ◽  
Restraint Of Trade ◽  
The Eu

The common law restraint of trade doctrine continues to provide valuable protection in a variety of business contexts. This paper analyses an incompatibility problem that has arisen between that doctrine and EU competition rules (in particular Art 101 Treaty on the Functioning of the EU [TFEU]) as implemented by EU Regulation 1/2003, which, amongst other matters, delineates the interface between national law and EU competition law. According to the High Court, once a court has applied Art 101 TFEU, Art 3 of the Regulation prevents a court from reaching a contrary finding under the restraint of trade doctrine. Thus, the court cannot find a clause is void under the doctrine if the clause comes within the scope of, but is not prohibited by, Art 101 TFEU. In effect, this conclusion displaces the restraint of trade doctrine for parties who are subject to unreasonable restraints that fall foul of the doctrine but are not prohibited by Art 101 TFEU. The interface problem and the possible solution are presented as issues of Europeanisation. The negative impact on national law deriving from an EU measure is portrayed as a ‘top down’ Europeanisation scenario. A contrary ‘uploading’ perspective reveals how and why Art 3 and associated Recitals in Regulation 1/2003 were ‘constructed’. These findings on the intended scope of Art 3 are used to challenge the High Court's view on the negative implications of the Regulation for the restraint of trade doctrine. Finally, this paper offers specific proposals as to how courts in the United Kingdom and Ireland could ensure that the restraint of trade doctrine is not an inevitable casualty of Europeanisation. It argues that when looking for a solution to the ‘top-down’ Europeanisation problem faced by the restraint of trade doctrine, the ‘uploading’ perspective of Europeanisation suggests a solution.

scholarly journals Determination of Dissolved CO2 Concentration in Culture Media: Evaluation of pH Value and Mathematical Data

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1373
Author(s):  
Amir Izzuddin Adnan ◽  
Mei Yin Ong ◽  
Saifuddin Nomanbhay ◽  
Pau Loke Show
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Co2 Solubility ◽  
Greenhouse Gasses ◽  
Dipotassium Phosphate ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Carbon dioxide is the most influential gas in greenhouse gasses and its amount in the atmosphere reached 412 µmol/mol in August 2020, which increased rapidly, by 48%, from preindustrial levels. A brand-new chemical industry, namely organic chemistry and catalysis science, must be developed with carbon dioxide (CO2) as the source of carbon. Nowadays, many techniques are available for controlling and removing carbon dioxide in different chemical processes. Since the utilization of CO2 as feedstock for a chemical commodity is of relevance today, this study will focus on how to increase CO2 solubility in culture media used for growing microbes. In this work, the CO2 solubility in a different medium was investigated. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and monoethanolamine (MEA) were added to the culture media (3.0 g/L dipotassium phosphate (K2HPO4), 0.2 g/L magnesium chloride (MgCl2), 0.2 g/L calcium chloride (CaCl2), and 1.0 g/L sodium chloride (NaCl)) for growing microbes in order to observe the difference in CO2 solubility. Factors of temperature and pressure were also studied. The determination of CO2 concentration in the solution was measured by gas analyzer. The result obtained from optimization revealed a maximum CO2 concentration of 19.029 mol/L in the culture media with MEA, at a pressure of 136.728 kPa, operating at 20.483 °C.

scholarly journals Analysis of Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) and Hydrocarbon Composition of Natural Gas from GMS (Gas Metering Station) in PT. Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
Rostyanesia Rostyanesia ◽  
Salmahaminati Salmahaminati ◽  
Putri Dwinanda Vidya
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Hydrocarbon Composition ◽  
Blue Color ◽  
Steel Cylinder ◽  
The Many ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Main Material

Natural gas of GMS (Gas Metering Station) is an important component that must be analyzed routinely in PT. Fertilizer Sriwidjaja because it is the main material used in addition to Carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor in the manufacture of ammonia. The quality of natural gas will affect the ammonia and urea fertilizer product. The purpose of this research is to know the composition of hydrocarbons and to know the level of H2S gas in natural gas which is contained in GMS pipes. Determination of H2S levels was performed to find out the many catalysts used in the manufacture of ammonia gas.In determining the hydrocarbon composition, the first gas sample is taken using Stainless Steel Cylinder Tube. After the gas filled tube it was analyzed using GC (Gas Chromatography) and  it will know the hydrocarbon composition of GMS. As for the determination of H2S level, the gas sample taken as much as 30 L through gas spreader and inserted into erlenmeyer with 10% Cd Acetate and NaOH. Subsequently, 1% PADAS (N, N-Dimethyl-p-phenylendiamine sulphate) and FeCl3 were added. After the solution changed to blue color then analyzed using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer in 660 nm wavelength.The results obtained are nitrogen-containing natural gas and various hydrocarbon components: methane, hexane, carbon dioxide, ethane, propane, i-butane, n-butane, i-pentane, and n-pentane with H2S 2,954 ppm with the largest composition of methane 85.89%. The results have been in accordance with the standards used in the Pusri Industry which apply the provision that the natural gas used should contain methane with concentrations greater than 70% 

Catalysts for the Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Methanol

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Hang Low ◽  
Boon Siang Yeo
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Electrochemical Reduction ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Renewable Electricity ◽  
Co2 Electroreduction ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Reduction Of Co2 ◽  
Made In

Abstract Anthropogenic activities powered by the burning of fossil fuels have caused excessive emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere. This has a negative impact on our environment. One promising approach to reduce the concentration of atmospheric CO2 is to convert it to useful products. This could be achieved via the electrochemical reduction of CO2 using renewable electricity. Methanol (CH3OH), a valuable fuel and feedstock, is one of the CO2 electroreduction products. However, its formation, thus far, has been plagued by the inadequacy of functional electrocatalysts. In this review, we summarize progresses made in the development of methanol-selective electrocatalysts, which provides us with a basis to discuss the underlying challenges of electroreducing CO2 to methanol.

Thermal Comfort Assessment in a Closed Air Conditioned ICT Laboratory at Ungku Omar Polytechnic, Malaysia

2011 ◽  
Vol 383-390 ◽  
pp. 5426-5431
Author(s):  
Salvinder S.K. Singh ◽  
Ahmad Rasdan Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Indoor Environment ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
End User ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Globe Temperature ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

This paper presents an integrated experimental study of the thermal comfort in a Closed Air Conditioned ICT Laboratory at Ungku Omar Polytechnic, Malaysia. The aim of this study is to determine the level of thermal comfort in the ICT laboratory by using the Thermal Confort Measurement (TCM) equipment. The ICT laboratory is considered as an indoor environment and this study had been carried out by the use of the custom made TCM from 8.30 am till 4.30 pm. This TCM is able to investigate the level of thermal in this laboratory in aspects of the level of carbon dioxide (CO2), humidity, wind speed, ambient temperature, and globe temperature simultaneously. All the data were then compared to the standards or guidelines produced by National Institue Of Safety and Health of Malaysia (NIOSH), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and the American Standards of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE 55), which is currently being practiced in Malaysia. From the study that was carried out it was revealed that the level of CO2 in the ICT Laboratory exceeded the hazardous level thus can produce the negative impact to the productivity of the end user which are the student that will be using this laboratory.

scholarly journals VALIDATION OF ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF HIGH LEVEL CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) IN NITROGEN GAS (N2) MATRIX USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY DETECTOR

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 7-16
Author(s):  
Harry BUDIMAN ◽  
Oman ZUAS
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Good Precision ◽  
Thermal Conductivity Detector ◽  
Limit Of Quantitation ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
High Level

High accurate result of carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement is of great importance since the result (data) is used as the foundation for decision making related to regulated monitoring program and law enforcement. In this study, therefore, method for measurement of high level of carbon dioxide (CO2) in nitrogen (N2) matrix using gas chromatography thermal conductivity detector (GC-TCD) was validated to achieve the optimum performance of the method. For this purposes, identity confirmation, selectivity, limit of detection (LoD), limit of quantitation (LoQ), repeatability, reproducibility, accuracy, and linearity of the method were evaluated. The result shows that the GC-TCD method has good precision in term of repeatability and reproducibility having values of 0.07 and 0.37%, respectively. No bias of the method can be found and an excellent linearity of the method was obtained in the range of 2 - 13.97% mol/mol. Thus, based on the result evaluation under given criteria of this study, it can be concluded that the GC-TCD method is reliable and suitable for determination of high level of CO2 in N2 matrix.

scholarly journals EU, Trading and human rights: consistent framework?

2021 ◽  
pp. 244-260
Author(s):  
Carolina Jiménez Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
International Human Rights Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Human Rights Law ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Human Rights Violation ◽  
The Eu

The relationship between European Union and International Human Rights Law has not always been close. The global projection of the EU, specially, its interest in becoming a leader in international trade, is facing its negative impact in some territories, specially those affected by human rights violation or negation of fundamental rules of International Law, such as ius cogens self-determination of people. This paper will examine to what extend the practice of the European Union trading with occupying and administrative powers in some territories could jeopardise its compliance with its own values and principles.

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