Effects of Sex of Judge and Sex of Victim on Recommended Punishment of a Male Murderer in a Mock Scenario

2002 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 533-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart J. McKelvie
Keyword(s):  
Death Penalty ◽  
Sex Bias ◽  
Prison Sentence ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Female Victim ◽  
Male Victim ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Extralegal Factors

Two samples of undergraduates (36 women, 7 men; 44 women, 45 men) read a mock transcript in which a murderer's victim was a man or a woman, after which they made prison sentence and death penalty judgments. Female judges gave longer sentences for the female victim than for the male victim, whereas male judges gave longer sentences for the male victim than for the female victim. This same-sex bias suggests that extralegal factors can affect judgments about sentencing.

scholarly journals Experiences of Stalking in Same-Sex and Opposite-Sex Contexts

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 1014-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorraine P. Sheridan ◽  
Adrian C. North ◽  
Adrian J. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Sex Role ◽  
The United States ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Female Victim ◽  
Male Victim ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
Sex Role Stereotypes ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Opposite Sex

Most stalking literature reports on male stalkers and female victims. This work examines stalking experiences in 4 sex dyads: male stalker–female victim, female stalker–male victim, female–female dyads, and male–male dyads. Respondents were 872 self-defined victims of stalking from the United Kingdom and the United States who completed an anonymous survey. The study variables covered the process of stalking, effects on victims and third parties, and victim responses to stalking. Approximately 10% of comparisons were significant, indicating that sex of victim and stalker is not a highly discriminative factor in stalking cases. Female victims of male stalkers were most likely to suffer physical and psychological consequences. Female victims reported more fear than males did, and most significant differences conformed to sex role stereotypes. Earlier work suggested stalker motivation and prior victim–stalker relationship as important variables in analyses of stalking, but these did not prove significant in this work, perhaps because of sampling differences.

scholarly journals Attributions of victim responsibility in revenge pornography

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 263-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Gavin ◽  
Adrian J. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Victim Blame ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Female Victim ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Male Victim ◽  
Female Perpetrator ◽  
Victim Responsibility ◽  
Male Perpetrator

Purpose Revenge pornography is a growing risk among adolescents and young adults. Often stemming from sexting, some victims of revenge pornography report experiencing victim-blame similar to that accompanying the reporting of rape. The purpose of this paper is to explore the assumptions that underlie attributions of victim-blame, with a focus on perpetrator and victim responsibility, as well as gendered assumptions surrounding sexting. Design/methodology/approach A total of 222 UK university students (111 male, 111 females) read one of two versions of a hypothetical revenge pornography scenario, one involving a male victim of a female perpetrator, the other a female victim of a male perpetrator. They then responded to an open-ended question regarding responsibility. Findings Qualitative content analysis of these responses identified three inter-related themes: the victim’s behaviour, mitigating victim responsibility and minimising the behaviour. Social implications The majority of participants in this study attributed at least some responsibility to the victims of revenge pornography depicted in the scenarios. Sex of the victim played a less important role than assumptions around sexting. Originality/value The study suggests that victim-blame is linked to the consent implied by sharing intimate images with a partner, but is also mitigated by the normative nature of this relationship practice. There was some evidence that the experience of male victims of revenge pornography is trivialised. These findings have implications for e-safety and victim support.

scholarly journals ORIENTASI SEKSUAL KOMUNITAS GAY MUSLIM DI DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-56
Author(s):  
Harpan Reski Mulia
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Phenomenological Analysis ◽  
The Self ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Self Defense

         This article aims to explore gay sexual orientation which is clashed with Islam and Psychology. In Islamic teachings, gay behavior that refers to acts of liwat} is an act that is forbidden. Even the death penalty is a threat to people who have a sexual orientation to the same sex. Based on this matter, this paper explores the case, where religious translations appear to meet irreconcilable needs, namely between gay and Islam. The research method used in this paper is qualitative with an approach Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). The formal object used is the lens of the Vaillant version of the self-defense mechanisms theory. The results found in this study show that gays admit that their sexual orientation is a sin. They are aware of this as a whole, but none of the subjects of this study wish to leave Islam. The methods of gay in reconciling the conflict are: First, Islam is seen as a forgiving religion: Secondly, it is sinful to have sex outside marriage either homo or hetero and Third, sexual orientation is considered as the nature of God. Abstrak          Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplore orientasi seksual kaum gay yang dibenturkan dengan Agama Islam dan Psikologi. Di dalam Ajaran Islam, perilaku gay yang merujuk pada perbuatan liwath merupakan perbuatan yang diharamkan. Bahkan hukuman mati menjadi ancaman bagi orang yang memiliki orientasi seksual kepada sesama jenis. Berdasarkan hal tersebut tulisan ini mengeksplorasi kasus, dimana terjemah agama muncul untuk memenuhi kebutuhan yang tidak bisa didamaikan, yaitu antara gay dan Islam. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam tulisan ini adalah kualitatif dengan pendekatan Interpretatif Phenomenological Analisis (IPA). Objek formal yang digunakan adalah lensa teori mekanisme pertahan diri versi Vailant. Adapun hasil yang ditemukan dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa, gay mengakui bahwa orientasi seksual yang mereka miliki adalah dosa. Mereka menyadari hal tersebut secara utuh, namun tidak ada satupun dari subjek penelitian ini berkeinginan untuk meninggalkan Islam. Adapun cara-cara yang dilakukan gay dalam mendamaikan konflik tersebut, adalah: Pertama, Islam dipandang sebagai agama pengampun: Kedua, berdosa jika melakukan seks diluar nikah baik homo maupun hetero; dan Ketiga, orientasi seksual dianggap sebagai fitrah dari Tuhan.

scholarly journals Constitutional Liberty and the Progression of Punishment

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Smith ◽  
Zoe Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Death Penalty ◽  
Due Process ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Individual Liberty ◽  
Life Without Parole ◽  
The Past ◽  
Eighth Amendment ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Marriage Decision

102 Cornell L. Rev. 413 (2017)The Eighth Amendment’s prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment has long been interpreted by scholars and judges to provide very limited protections for criminal defendants. This understanding of the Eighth Amendment claims that the prohibition is operationalized mostly to prevent torturous methods of punishment or halt the isolated use of a punishment practice that has fallen into long-term disuse. This Article challenges these assumptions. It argues that while this limited view of the Eighth Amendment may be accurate as a historical matter, over the past two decades, the Supreme Court has incrementally broadened the scope of the cruel and unusual punishment clause. The Court’s contemporary Eighth Amendment jurisprudence—with its focus on categorical exemptions and increasingly nuanced measures of determining constitutionally excessive punishments—reflects an overt recognition that the fundamental purpose of the Eighth Amendment is to protect vulnerable citizens uniquely subject to majoritarian retributive excess. Animating these developments is a conception of constitutional liberty that transcends the prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment. Indeed, 2015’s same-sex marriage decision, Obergefell v. Hodges, reflects a similar trajectory in the Court’s substantive due process jurisprudence. Taken together, these doctrinal developments illustrate a concerted move to insert the Court as the independent arbiter of legislative excesses that undermine the basic right to human dignity by virtue of unnecessarily impinging upon individual liberty. Ultimately, these liberty-driven developments signal new possibilities for the protection of defendant rights in a variety of contemporary contexts, including juvenile life without parole for homicide offenses, life without parole for non-violent drug offenses, the death penalty, certain mandatory minimum sentences, and the prolonged use of solitary confinement.

Abstract 196: Comparing Bystander Response to an Unannounced Cardiac Arrest Based on Victim Gender Using an Immersive Virtual Reality System

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 138 (Suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Leary ◽  
Alfredo Almodovar ◽  
David Buckler ◽  
Jaldhi Patel ◽  
Zainab A Chaudhary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Sudden Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Emergency Situation ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Female Victim ◽  
Male Victim ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
Bystander Response

Introduction: Bystander response to a sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) should ideally be the same for all victims, however studies have shown disparities in response exist based on the gender of the victim. Current virtual reality (VR) wearable technology allows for the creation of high realism scenarios permitting manipulation of the victim’s gender in order to observe bystander response. Objectives: We sought to compare lay bystander response to an unannounced simulated VR SCA event based on the victim’s gender. Methods: Using our VR SCA system integrated with a CPR recording manikin, we randomized the avatar victim’s gender to either female or male (Figure 1). Subjects were able to interact with simulated bystanders, give vocal commands such as “call 911” or “get an AED”, and perform CPR on the simulated victim in the virtual environment while simultaneously performing CPR on the manikin. Subjects were unaware of the nature of the event but were told to respond however they would in real-life to an emergency situation. Subject’s ability to proceed through the Chain of Survival (Call 911, Perform CPR, Ask for and Use an AED) and CPR quality were recorded. Results: Between 9/2017 and 12/2017, 75 subjects were enrolled; mean age was 31±11 yrs, 35% were female, 49% were White, and 66% had never been trained in CPR or were trained >2 yrs prior. In total, 59% of subjects performed CPR, and 11% used an AED. CPR was performed on male victims 65% of the time vs 54% on female victims (p=NS, Figure 2a); An AED was used 21% of the time for male victims vs 15% for female victims (p=NS, Figure 2b). If the subject was male, CPR was performed on a female victim 56% of the time vs 71% for a male victim; female subjects performed CPR on a female victim 50% vs 58% on a male victim (p=NS). Conclusion: In our unannounced, immersive VR SCA study, there was a trend toward less CPR and AED use on female avatar victims. Future work will need to be powered to evaluate disparities in CPR and AED use based on gender.

The Effects of Gender-Role Traditionality and Gender of Abuser on Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence and Perceived Body Size of the Victim and Abuser

Partner Abuse ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-248
Author(s):  
Niwako Yamawaki ◽  
Christina Riley ◽  
Nathan Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Intervention Programs ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Female Victim ◽  
Male Victim ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
New Directions ◽  
And Gender

The current study examined college students’ perceptions of male victims compared to female victims in a female abuser–male victim scenario and a male abuser–female victim scenario. Victim blaming, minimization of the seriousness of the abuse, and body size perceptions and how gender-role traditionality (GRT) affects these perceptions were investigated. Male victims were blamed as the victim more and their abuse was minimized more compared to female victims. These differences were moderated by GRT. Only the female victim and abuser varied in body size perceptions, and these perceptions were also moderated by GRT. Males blamed the victim and minimized the seriousness of the abuse more than did females. Implications for intervention programs and new directions in IPV research are discussed.

Perceptions of Domestic Violence in Heterosexual Relationships: Impact of Victim Gender and History of Response

Partner Abuse ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl A. Terrance, ◽  
Karyn M. Plumm, ◽  
Shea A. Thomas,
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
Heterosexual Relationships ◽  
Female Victim ◽  
Male Victim ◽  
Heterosexual Relationship ◽  
History Of ◽  
Perceptions Of Domestic Violence ◽  
Victim Gender

Within the context of a heterosexual relationship, participants (n= 197) read a police interview involving a claim of domestic violence that varied the gender of the victim. Within gender conditions, the victim’s previous history of response to the violence, and on the evening in question, was portrayed as either passive or active (i.e., fought back). Results support the notion of a prototypical domestic violence victim that has emerged within a gendered framework. Overall, the female victim was perceived in a more sympathetic light than the male victim was. Interaction effects showed that men, but not women, rated the male victim as more responsible for the assault than the female victim. Participant gender effects indicated that women rated the victim and their claim of victimization more favorably than men did. Implications within the courtroom are discussed.

scholarly journals Long-Term Sentence in the Laws of the Former SFRY and Contemporary European Criminal Law

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Simović ◽  
Vladimir Simović
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Criminal Sanction ◽  
Prison Sentence ◽  
Life Imprisonment ◽  
Conditional Release ◽  
European Criminal Law

Life imprisonment is the term for a prison sentence based on which a convicted person remains in prison for their whole life. After the death penalty, it is the severest criminal sanction. Many countries have introduced it in their legislation as a substitute for the death penalty. On the other hand, many legislations have, along with the long-term sentence, introduced the possibility of the convicts’ release, most often conditional release. From the second half of the 20th century onwards, life imprisonment as well as the death penalty has most often been regarded an inhumane and inefficient sanction, given that people sentenced to life imprisonment are considered permanently excluded from society, that is, losing any kind of interest in rehabilitation. This paper analyses the issues related to long-term sentences - life imprisonment in the countries of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) and in the contemporary European criminal law.

scholarly journals SANKSI PIDANA KEMATIAN BAGI ORANG KORUPSI DI INDONESIA (Death Criminal Sanctions For Personnel Of Corruption In Indonesia)

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-135
Author(s):  
Irvino Rangkuti, Alvi Syahrin, Suhaidi, Mahmud Mulyadi
Keyword(s):  
Death Penalty ◽  
Capital Punishment ◽  
Shock Therapy ◽  
Death Sentence ◽  
Prison Sentence ◽  
Life Imprisonment ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Criminal Sanctions ◽  
Running Away ◽  
Economic Standpoint

The application of capital punishment itself has been regulated in Indonesia as contained in the law. Article 2 paragraph (2) of Corruption Act concerning Eradication of Corruption Crimes. According to Romli Atmasasmita, it was argued that the death penalty for corruptors was effectively implemented in the People's Republic of China (PRC), and it was quite successful to reduce corruption. This certainly can be used as an example in Indonesia in imposing capital punishment for corruptors. The imposition of capital punishment for perpetrators of corruption is urgently needed as "shock therapy" because psychologically the death penalty aims for the benefit of general prevention so that others do not participate in committing crimes. Also, the application of capital punishment is based on the reason that capital punishment is more certain than the prison sentence because the prison sentence is often followed by running away, forgiveness, or because of the release. When compared from an economic standpoint, basically the death sentence is more efficient when compared to life imprisonment. As for the problems that can be formulated, namely: legal arrangements regarding corruption in the Corruption Act; the application of capital punishment sanctions against perpetrators of corruption in Indonesia. The results of the study show that: Corruption is a type of extraordinary crime ("extra-ordinary crime") that must be handled extraordinarily, so that the act is contrary to the 1945 Constitution, therefore it does not need to be protected by the 1945 Constitution. accommodated in Article 2 paragraph (2) of the Corruption Act, must meet the requirements "in certain circumstances" by the Elucidation of Article 2 paragraph (2), but its application has never been implemented, so it is necessary to review the rules "in certain circumstances".

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