Behavioral Contrast: Schedule of Reinforcement as a Possible Limiting Condition

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-372
Author(s):  
E. Wade Hitzing ◽  
Robert W. Schaeffer
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Contrast ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Constant Component ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Schedule Of Reinforcement ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Subsequent Loss ◽  
Limiting Condition ◽  
Drl Schedule ◽  
Positive Behavioral Contrast

Using two albino rats as Ss, extinction was programmed under one component of a two-component multiple DRL schedule of reinforcement. There was an increase in response rate and subsequent loss in reinforcements in the constant component. Within 17 sessions, both the response rate and number of reinforcements earned returned to the pre-extinction baseline range in the constant component. The type of schedule used and the species used as Ss were discussed as possible limiting conditions in the maintenance of positive behavioral contrast.

Behavioral Contrast in Albino Rats

1975 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 287-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Bradshaw
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Contrast ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
The Other ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Schedules Of Reinforcement ◽  
Multiple Variable ◽  
Positive Behavioral Contrast

3 albino Wistar rats were trained in multiple variable-interval schedules of reinforcement. When reinforcement was withheld during one of the component schedules, the reduction in response rate during that component was accompanied by an increase in responding during the other (unchanged) component. This positive behavioral contrast was statistically significant for all three rats. The results are discussed in relation to interpretations of behavioral contrast based on autoshaping phenomena.

Effects of Quality and Quantity of Reinforcement Upon Response Rate in Acquisition and Extinction

1966 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 819-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Schaeffer ◽  
Barbara Hanna
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Sucrose Content ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Acquisition Session ◽  
Repeated Acquisition ◽  
Lever Pressing ◽  
Quality Of Reinforcement

This experiment investigated the effects of quality and quantity of reinforcement upon a lever-pressing response, within the context of repeated acquisition and extinction sessions. Eighteen Sprague-Dawley albino rats were subjected to a 2-by-3 experimental design which incorporated two levels of quality of reinforcement (8% and 32% sucrose pellets) and three levels of quantity of reinforcement (20, 40, or 80 pellets given in each acquisition session). Rate of responding during each acquisition session varied directly with sucrose content of the pellet, but was independent of number of reinforcements (pellets) received in each acquisition session. In extinction, total number of responses varied directly with both number of reinforcements and sucrose content of the pellet. Latency to the first lever-pressing response in both acquisition and extinction was found to be heterogeneous for all Ss and insensitive to variations in quantity and quality of reinforcement.

Behavioral Contrast during the Acquisition of Speechreading

1979 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Merle Johnson ◽  
James H. Kaye
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Effect ◽  
Behavioral Contrast ◽  
Hearing Impaired ◽  
Multiple Baseline ◽  
Token Reinforcement ◽  
Impaired Children ◽  
Positive Behavioral Contrast ◽  
Hearing Impaired Children

Two hearing-impaired children were taught to speechread the names of 18 objects divided into three sets. A multiple baseline across sets of objects was obtained for each subject. Tokens presented contingent upon correct responses to certain sets of names increased the frequencies of those correct responses. Both subjects exhibited positive behavioral contrast during the acquisition of speechreading; correct responses to one set increased above the previously established level when the contingencies for a second set changed from token reinforcement to extinction. The obtained contrast effect was conducive to learning and the procedure was effective in teaching the children to speechread the training words.

Effects of Insulin Preparations on Titrated Sucrose Regulation

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 779-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Vitulli
Keyword(s):  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Regular Insulin ◽  
Steady States ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Sucrose Consumption ◽  
Intraperitoneal Route ◽  
Schedule Of Reinforcement ◽  
Concurrent Operants ◽  
Small Doses ◽  
Titration Schedule

Albino rats were conditioned on a titration schedule of reinforcement which enabled the animals to adjust the sucrose concentration of food pellets. Concentrations of 90%, 70%, 50%, 30% and 10% sucrose were decreased by 20% every 30 sec. unless the animal emitted 1 of 2 concurrent operants, which reversed the process. Preparations of globin, protamine, and regular insulins were administered via the intraperitoneal route in small doses, on separate sessions, when steady states on the titration schedule were observed. Regular insulin had the strongest effect in producing higher titration and pellet rates and greater sucrose consumption.

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