To Serve with Words, Letters and Deeds - The First Stage of the Református Család (Reformed Family) Magazine’s Publication (1929-1944)

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-126
Author(s):  
Sarolta Püsök
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
World War ◽  
Crisis Period ◽  
Reformed Church ◽  
Hungarian Revolution ◽  
The People ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Revolution Of 1848 ◽  
The 19Th Century

" The study firstly addresses the crisis period, which made the creation of the periodical necessary. The first issue was published in 1929, but our time travel to understand the era needs to take us back at least to the 19th century since the roots of the crisis can be found there: the defeat of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848; the worker optimism following the 1867 Austro-Hungarian Compromise, which, in addition to spectacular results, further deepened the economic and ethnic gap between the various strata of the population; the people-centred, fickle ideological basis of theological liberalism; the horrors of World War I, the Republic of Councils of Hungary, the Treaty of Trianon. The second main topic outlines one of the successful areas of crisis management, i.e. the domestic mission aspirations unfolding in the Transylvanian Reformed Church District: the role of theology professors, Vécs Society, associations mobilizing certain strata of church members, and related press releases and press products. The third chapter presents the first release period of Református Család from 1929 to 1944: objectives of the periodical, columns, readers, editors-writers. Keywords: the Hungarian Reformed community in Transylvania, crisis period, home/domestic mission, Transylvanian Reformed Women’s Association (1928–1944), Református Család periodical (1929–1944)."

Alsatian Catholics Against the State, 1918–25

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jena M. Gaines
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Third Republic ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The People ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Republic

The years that followed the return of Alsace and Lorraine to France after World War I proved that reunion was a complicated and painful process. The potential for misunderstanding, if not outright conflict, between Alsatians and French policy-makers was from the outset grossly underestimated by virtually everyone on both sides. Alsatians saw no incompatibility between the wish to preserve their regional cultural personality, or particularism, and their loyalty to France. The believers in the ‘Republic one and indivisible’, however, did. The preservation of Alsatian particularism, especially in language and religion, was regarded by French politicians as the perpetuation of German cultural and political influence. The end of the armistice celebrations and the introduction of a transitional administration brought the realisation that the cultural gulf between France and Alsace, widened by years of separation following the Treaty of Frankfurt of 1871, could not be legislated away. With few exceptions, the people on both sides of the Rhine who welcomed the end of the annexation had assumed that the commitment to reunion was sufficient to make it a success.1 This belief was nowhere more rapidly disproven than in the matter of religion. The enforcement of French legislation ending the role of the state in overseeing the congregations became the flash-point between the Catholic majority in Alsace and the Third Republic.

scholarly journals Megalomania narodowa w ujęciu twórców polskich początku XX wieku

2015 ◽  
pp. 85-100
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Wrzesińska
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
World War ◽  
Unique Character ◽  
Optimistic Picture ◽  
Polish Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Individual

National megalomania in Polish reflection in the early 20th centuryIn the early 20th century, a number of Polish thinkers betrayed a mentality in which was deeply rooted the notion of the Polish nation’s unique character. These thinkers also expressed a conviction that Poles had a special mission both in Europe in general and towards other European nations. The signs of the intellectual elite’s national megalomania were reflected in Polish journalistic writings in the final period of World War I and the initial period of regained independence shortly after it.The article analyzes the views of selected thinkers: the philosopher W. Lutosławski, the journalist and literary critic A. Górski, the publicist A. Chołoniewski, and the historian J.K. Kochanowski. All of them believed in an optimistic picture of Polish history and emphasized the significance of the Polish mission in an ethical dimension understood as a desire to establish European order based both on respect towards the individual and at the same time on national diversity. This attitude was clearly based on Romantic thought – a historiosophy tinted with mesianism. All these authors dealt with the same themes from Polish history, treating them as a justification of their attitudes (such as: the Republic of Nobility as an embodiment of the ideal of freedom, Poland as an intermediary between the East and the West, as well as the propagator of Christian civilization in the East; the prominent role of Poles among the Slavic peoples, the importance of Catholicism). All in all, they created a mythologized vision of the Polish Republic in order to integrate the Polish society and mobilize it to act. This stream of glorification of the Polish statehood met with severe criticism after Poland regained its independence. S. Zakrzewski, F. Bujak, J.S. Bystroń, Bocheński brothers and others protested against falsifying the history of Poland.

scholarly journals МИГРАЦИИ КАК ФАКТОР ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ПОЛИЭТНИЧНОГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ МОРДОВИИ: ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ

2021 ◽  
pp. 230-240
Author(s):  
Людмила Ивановна Никонова ◽  
Альбина Ирфановна Минакова
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Ethnic Population ◽  
Prisoner Of War ◽  
Historical Outline ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

В статье на основе, главным образом, неопубликованных источников, выявленных в архивах и впервые вводимых в научный оборот, показана роль представителей зарубежья в формировании полиэтничности Мордовии, ныне республики, входящей в Приволжский федеральный округ Российской Федерации. Проанализированы истоки полиэтничности мордовского края, описаны основные тенденции развития миграционных процессов. На основе имеющихся научных исследований и данных государственной статистики рассмотрены основные характеристики пространственной мобильности населения мордовского края со второй половины XIX в. до начала XX в. Полиэтничность республики подтверждают данные всероссийской переписи населения, согласно которой на 2010 год в Мордовии проживало население 119 национальностей. Приведены статистические данные переписи населения Российской Империи 1897 года с иностранным контингентом в губерниях Мордовии и данные о составе населения по переписи 1939 года. Авторами установлено, что формирование полиэтничности Мордовской Республики складывалось под воздействием важнейших исторических событий, происходивших как в Европе, так и в России. Эти события обуславливали появление факторов, способствовавших миграционным процессам и менявших этнический состав населения Мордовии. Среди них, например, строительство Казанской железной дороги, которое привело к индустриализации и развитию промышленных предприятий в регионе, притоку иностранных специалистов и рабочих по обслуживанию оборудования, события Первой мировой войны, вызвавшие миграции из западных стран в регионы России, расположение лагерей с военнопленными на территории республики, брачная миграция и др. Авторами приведены исторические данные о получении иностранцами русского подданства в Мордовии. Based on mainly unpublished and previously unstudied sources, the article shows the role of foreign peoples in the formation of the multi-ethnic population of Mordovia, being part of the Volga Federal District of the Russian Federation. The origins of the formation of multi-ethnicity of Mordovia are revealed, the main trends in the development of migration processes are described. Based on the previous scientific findings and state statistics, the spatial mobility of the population of Mordovia from the second half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century are considered. The data of the Russian Сensus, according to which people of 119 nationalities lived in Mordovia in 2010, confirms the complexity of the population of the republic. The paper covers the data of the First Census of the Russian Empire in 1897 with a foreign contingent in the provinces of Mordovia and the 1939 Сensus. The authors found that the multi-ethnic population of the Mordovian Republic was formed under the influence of the most important historical events that took place both in Europe and in Russia. These events gave rise to processes that contributed to migration flows and changed the ethnic composition of the population of Mordovia. For example, the construction of the Kazan railway, which required the influx of foreign specialists and equipment maintenance workers in the Volga Federal District, the events of World War I, which caused a refugee flow from Western countries to the regions of Russia, the location of prisoner-of-war camps in the Republic, marriage migrations etc. The authors provide a historical outline on how foreigners in Mordovia acquired Russian citizenship.

Commemoration

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Kathryn Barbier
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
World War ◽  
War Memorials ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Fireworks Displays ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Battle Of The Somme

Societies commemorate past events in different ways, and in many cases, decisions about how to honor those who fought and died, as well as those who survived, are contested ones. There are many manifestations of the rituals of commemoration, including monuments of varying sizes, songs such as “The Battle Hymn of the Republic,” poems and other forms of literature, parades such as those on Veterans’ Day or Memorial Day, festivals, fireworks displays on the Fourth of July and other important days, and moments of silence. The Gettysburg battlefield is littered with monuments—small, unimposing ones and large, attention-grabbing ones. Landscapes can be dominated or shaped by monuments, such as the Menin Gate Memorial in Ypres, Belgium, or the Battle of the Somme Memorial at Thieval. Memorials can be both temporary and permanent. Some are stark, while others overwhelm the viewer with multiple images. Numerous factors shape commemorations. One factor that determines the ritual is the nature of the event that is being memorialized. Because battles and wars have multiple effects on society, it is perhaps not surprising that decisions about commemorating these events are frequently contentious. In some cases, major conflicts ultimately shape the future identity of a nation. Such is the case with World War I and Great Britain. The books and articles included here reflect interest in these commemorations. Authors argue that what is included in commemorations is just as important as what is omitted. While some of the authors present superficial views of war memorials, others delve deeper and seek the meaning of the images and texts used. Many endeavor to discern what the rituals and memorials say about the people who construct them and how these commemorations shape a nation’s or a people’s identity. These books and articles are about the legacy of war, about remembering and honoring the dead, about celebrating those who survived, about the emergence of battlefield tourism and what that says about a society, and about how societies mourn and recover. They make the distinction between individual and collective memory, between private and public rituals of remembrance. In sum, they are about societies: how they think, how they mourn, how they connect the past to the present, and how they incorporate the past into who and what they are.

Communists and Social Democrats in the 1919 Hungarian Soviet Republic

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gábor Gángó
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Marxist Theory ◽  
World War ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Social Democrats ◽  
Central European ◽  
Hungarian Revolution ◽  
The Social ◽  
Hungarian State

The abortive or briefly successful Central European revolutions after World War I have mostly been perceived as efforts to export Bolshevism beyond Russia´s borders. This is particularly misleading in regard to the Hungarian revolution, a much more complex phenomenon than has commonly been assumed. This chapter analyzes the events of 1918-1919 in detail and shows that there was no ready-made model that could be transferred from Russia to Hungary. Moreover, the role of the Social Democrats in the revolution was far too important for it to be labelled a Bolshevik one, and the revolutionary government had to deal with specific problems concerning the survival and retrenchment of the Hungarian state after the downfall of the Habsburg monarchy. The last section briefly analyses one of the most significant twentieth-century works on Marxist theory, Lukács‘s History and Class Consciousness, written as a postscript to the Hungarian revolution.

scholarly journals Discussion on Aircraft Technology and It's Impact on Architecture in the Architectural History of 1903-1940

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nedime Tuba YusufoÄŸlu
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
Wind Tunnels ◽  
World War ◽  
War Effort ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Republic Of Turkey

Having been invented at the beginning of 20th century, aircraft is the concrete success of human being related to flying fantasy, which has been existing for centuries. The centuries-old studies accelerated in the 19th century and it has been finally succeeded to take off under Wright Brothers in 1903 together with scientific and technologic processes. A creative energy boosted at the beginning of 20th century and a new age, ”age of aviation and aircraft” emerged. The politic a atmosphere  in the world was considerably tense at the beginning of 20th century. World War I and World War II were experienced. War Effort was directly effective in the development of aircraft and aviation architecture. In terms of aviation architecture, aircraft hangars, aircraft factories, wind tunnels, runways and airports can be considered. Birth and development of aircraft industry are in parallel with birth and development of modern architecture (and organic architecture). The period between 1918-1939 is characterized as “Golden Age” of aviation in the West (particularly in the U.S). The literature and archive resources have been reviewed in the Republic of Turkey simultaneously. In this article, interactions between aircraft technology and aviation architecture are discussed.

Transition of the Rusins of Austria-Hungary to the bosom of Orthodoxy in the end of 19th - beginning of 20th century: Lost perspective for Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10-4) ◽  
pp. 196-205
Author(s):  
Vadim Mikhailov ◽  
Konstantin Losev
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
World War ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military ◽  
Church Policy

The article is devoted to the issue of Church policy in relation to the Rusyn population of Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire. In the second half of the 19th century, the policy of the Austro-Hungarian administration towards the Rusyn Uniate population of the Empire underwent changes. Russia’s victories in the wars of 1849 and 1877-1878 aroused the desire of the educated part of the Rusyns to return to the bosom of the Orthodox Church. Nevertheless, even during the World War I, when the Russian army captured part of the territories inhabited by Rusyns, the military and officials of the Russian Empire were too cautious about the issue of converting Uniates to Orthodoxy, which had obvious negative consequences both for the Rusyns, who were forced to choose a Ukrainophile orientation to protect their national and cultural identity, and for the future of Russia as the leader of the Slavic and Orthodox world.

The Great War of the Postcards

2021 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-568
Author(s):  
Johann Strauss
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
World War I ◽  
Great War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Book Illustrations ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Great War

This article examines the functions and the significance of picture postcards during World War I, with particular reference to the war in the Ottoman Lands and the Balkans, or involving the Turkish Army in Galicia. After the principal types of Kriegspostkarten – sentimental, humorous, propaganda, and artistic postcards (Künstlerpostkarten) – have been presented, the different theatres of war (Balkans, Galicia, Middle East) and their characteristic features as they are reflected on postcards are dealt with. The piece also includes aspects such as the influence of Orientalism, the problem of fake views, and the significance and the impact of photographic postcards, portraits, and photo cards. The role of postcards in book illustrations is demonstrated using a typical example (F. C. Endres, Die Türkei (1916)). The specific features of a collection of postcards left by a German soldier who served in Turkey, Syria, and Iraq during World War I will be presented at the end of this article.

The Role Of Legal Personnel In Raising Legal Awareness In The Society

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 (12) ◽  
pp. 52-55
Author(s):  
Amirov Zafar Aktamovich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Educational Institutions ◽  
National Legislation ◽  
Foreign Experience ◽  
The People ◽  
Local Law ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Legal Training

This article analyzes the data provided by local law educational institutions and the Chamber of Advocates of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as national legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan and foreign experience. Analysis showed critical lack of legal personnel in comparison with the people of the Republic of Uzbekistan at the lack of legal training a couple of times population. Concluding the research, proposals and recommendations to increase the number of lawyers in the country were given.

Dictatorship and Democracy, 1918–1939

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Mergel
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Social Commitment ◽  
The People ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
The Social ◽  
Community People ◽  
The Many ◽  
Social Organism ◽  
German Parliament ◽  
Revolution Of 1848

Both dictatorship and democracy were essentially new concepts of political rule in Germany after World War I. It was true that suffrage had been increasingly extended after the revolution of 1848–1849, and more citizens (male citizens, that is) were entitled to vote in Imperial Germany than, for instance, in Great Britain. Dictatorship, too, was a new form of political control, at least in Germany. The term ‘people’ was to become a standard formula for the self-understanding of German politics after 1918. In its shades of meaning, it saw the people as a social organism, rather than as an ethnic community. ‘People’ referred to the many. It described the social commitment with which a good community was supposed to be built. An inquiry into Reichstag, and the German parliament and incidents and rebellions surrounding it concludes this article.

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