scholarly journals Analysis of the Modified Construction of the Column Mechanism MacPherson

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 41-44
Author(s):  
Marek Kwietniewski ◽  
Tadeusz Bil
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Proper Selection ◽  
Front Suspension ◽  
Change Of Direction ◽  
Partial Elimination ◽  
Selection Of

The McPherson column name comes from the inventor of this Earle S. MacPherson solution, which was first manufactured at the Ford plant in 1949. This is one of the most commonly used types of front suspension in popular passenger cars. The advantage of this type of suspension is a compact construction, but the disadvantage is. The influence of the damping motion on the position of the steering wheel may result in an unintentional change of direction of travel. At the same time, there is a slight additional tilt of the wheels when the "spring" movement. In the proposed solution, partial elimination of this type of incorrectness is proposed by changing the type of connection of the steering rod end to the steering wheels of the vehicle. The introduced change consists in replacing one of the spherical joints in these joints into two rotary joints. Such a change introduces a mathematical model describing the behavior of the suspension under the influence of the depreciation of additional parameters. Proper selection of these parameters allows for significant reduction of unnecessary direction changes during driving. The described model of the structure of the mechanism allows to analyze the influence of all its dimensions on the selected parameters of the behavior of the wheels during the ride, resulting from the movement of the suspension and steering.

Meriel Talbot and the Society for the Overseas Settlement of British Women, 1919–1937

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-52
Author(s):  
Bonnie White
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Service ◽  
Agricultural Workers ◽  
British Government ◽  
Early Failure ◽  
Proper Selection ◽  
Domestic Servants ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
Female Migrants ◽  
Post War ◽  
Selection Of

In 1917 the British government began making plans for post-war adjustments to the economy, which included the migration of surplus women to the dominions. The Society for the Overseas Settlement of British Women was established in 1920 to facilitate the migration of female workers to the dominions. Earlier studies have argued that overseas emigration efforts purposefully directed women into domestic service as surplus commodities, thus alleviating the female ‘surplus’ and easing economic hardships of the post-war period. This article argues that as Publicity Officer for the SOSBW, Meriel Talbot targeted women she believed would be ideal candidates for emigration, including former members of the Women's Land Army and affiliated groups. With the proper selection of female migrants, Talbot sought to expand work opportunities for women in the dominions beyond domestic service, while reducing the female surplus at home and servicing the connection between state and empire. Dominion authorities, whose demands for migrant labour vacillated between agricultural workers during the war years and domestic servants after 1920, disapproved of Talbot's efforts to migrate women for work in agriculture. Divergent policies led to the early failure of the SOSBW in 1923.

scholarly journals Design Concepts for NiTiNOL Wires to Function as a Sensor

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Josephine Selvarani Ruth
Keyword(s):  
Shape Memory Alloy ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Nickel Titanium ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sensing Element ◽  
Proper Selection ◽  
Design Concepts ◽  
Mechanical Element ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Inverse Hysteresis

AbstractNickel Titanium Naval Ordinance Laboratory (NiTiNOL) is widely called as a shape memory alloy (SMA), a class of nonlinear smart material inherited with the functionally programmed property of varying electrical resistance during the transformation enabling to be positioned as a sensing element. The major challenge to instrument the SMA wires is to suppress the wires’ nonlinearity by proper selection of two important factors. The first factor is influenced by the mechanical biasing element and the other is to identify the sensing current for the sensing device (SMA wires + biasing). This paper focuses on developing SMA wires for sensing in different orientation types and configurations by removing the non-linearity in the system’s output by introducing inverse hysteresis to the wires through the passive mechanical element.

A Non-Normality Measure of the Condition Number for Monitoring and Control

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunsoo Huh ◽  
Jeffrey L. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Condition Number ◽  
Minimization Problem ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Proper Selection ◽  
Modal Structure ◽  
L2 Norm ◽  
And Control ◽  
Normality Measure ◽  
Selection Of

Because the behavior of the condition number can have highly steep and multi-modal structure, optimal control and monitoring problems based on the condition number cannot be easily solved. In this paper, a minimization problem is formulated for κ2(P), the condition number of an eigensystem (P) of a matrix in terms of the L2 norm. A new non-normality measure is shown to exist that guarantees small values for the condition number. In addition, this measure can be minimized by proper selection of controller and observer gains. Application to the design of well-conditioned controller and observer-based monitors is illustrated.

scholarly journals Influence of the Chemical Composition on Electrical Conductivity and Mechanical Properties of the Hypoeutectic Al-Si-Mg Alloys

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 353-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Dybowski ◽  
J. Szymszal ◽  
Ł. Poloczek ◽  
A. Kiełbus
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Aluminium Alloys ◽  
Mg Alloys ◽  
High Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Transportation Industry ◽  
Proper Selection ◽  
Ti Addition ◽  
Selection Of

Due to low density and good mechanical properties, aluminium alloys are widely applied in transportation industry. Moreover, they are characterized by the specific physical properties, such as high electrical conductivity. This led to application of the hypoeutectic Al-Si-Mg alloys in the power generation industry. Proper selection of the alloys chemical composition is an important stage in achievement of the demanded properties. The following paper presents results of the research on the influence of alloys chemical composition on their properties. It has been revealed that Si and Ti addition decreases electrical conductivity of the Al-Si-Mg alloys, while Na addition increases it. The mechanical properties of the investigated alloys are decreased by both silicon and iron presence. Sodium addition increases ductility of the Al-Si-Mg alloys.

Cab Conceptual Design for the Equipment System Used for Passenger Car Ergonomic Design and Evaluation

2012 ◽  
Vol 215-216 ◽  
pp. 399-406
Author(s):  
Xiao Ming Du ◽  
Jin Dong Ren ◽  
Yong Qing Liu ◽  
Zhong Xian Chen ◽  
Shi Hai Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
Cycle Time ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Packaging Design ◽  
Development Cycle ◽  
Equipment System

Ergonomics is an important validation content in vehicle product development. The traditional evaluation method of ergonomics adopts physical mockups or prototypes, which is very costly, and is inconvenient to modify, and usually cause prolonged development cycle-time. In this paper, in conjunction with enterprise’s requirements, an ergonomic validation equipment system, which has adjustable main parts, was developed. Firstly, requirements were analyzed, and target model cars ranges were determined, and ergonomic contents which can be validated using this equipment were clarified. The packaging characteristic of the passenger car was analyzed, and the reference fiducial marks system used for packaging design were determined. Based on the requirement of occupant accommodation, anthropometries of target population were statistically analyzed. By using revised SAE J1517 H-Point curves models, the drivers’ seating space was designed, as well as the requirement of the driver seat track travel. Based on the analysis of packaging data of passenger cars, and considering the possible changes, controls such as steering wheel, pedals, sticks, etc., were packaged.

scholarly journals Hydrogen Gas Sensors Fabricated on Atomically Flat 4H-SiC Webbed Cantilevers

2008 ◽  
Vol 600-603 ◽  
pp. 1199-1202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip G. Neudeck ◽  
David J. Spry ◽  
Andrew J. Trunek ◽  
Laura J. Evans ◽  
Liang Yu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Sensors ◽  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Current Gain ◽  
Proper Selection ◽  
Hydrogen Gas Sensors ◽  
Sensor Current ◽  
Atomically Flat ◽  
Initial Results ◽  
Selection Of

This paper reports on initial results from the first device tested of a “second generation” Pt-SiC Schottky diode hydrogen gas sensor that: 1) resides on the top of atomically flat 4H-SiC webbed cantilevers, 2) has integrated heater resistor, and 3) is bonded and packaged. With proper selection of heater resistor and sensor diode biases, rapid detection of H2 down to concentrations of 20 ppm was achieved. A stable sensor current gain of 125 ± 11 standard deviation was demonstrated during 250 hours of cyclic test exposures to 0.5% H2 and N2/air.

Available Energy: I. Gibbs Revisited; II. Gibbs Extended

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Gaggioli ◽  
David H. Richardson ◽  
Anthony J. Bowman ◽  
David M. Paulus
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Nonequilibrium Condition ◽  
Balance Equations ◽  
Proper Selection ◽  
Additive Property ◽  
Property Relations ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Dead State ◽  
Energy Equilibrium ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract The concept of available energy, as defined by Gibbs (1873b) is revisited. He gave representations of available energy for two circumstances. The first was the available energy of a “body,” for the case when a body, alone, is in a nonequilibrium condition and therefore has energy available. In turn, he presented the available energy of “the body and medium,” for the energy which is available because a body is not in equilibrium with some arbitrarily specified medium. Gibbs’ representations were graphical. Since Gibbs, representations with formulas have been developed and are common, for the “available energy of body and medium.” Gaggioli (1998a, b) has developed formulas which are more general, to represent “the available energy of the body (alone)” and to assign an exergy to subsystems of the body as a measure of each sub-system’s contribution to the available energy. In contrast to the available energy, exergy is an additive property, so that balance equations can be written. And the formulas are independent from any “medium,” which is important both theoretically and practically — because of its relevance to proper selection of “the dead state.” These issues are discussed and extended, after reviewing Gibbs development of available energy and additional concepts which he introduced, such as “available vacuum” and “capacity for entropy.” It is argued that these “availabililty” and “capacity” concepts are all equivalent to one another. In turn, because of interconvertability, it is seen that available energy is something more fundamental than “maximum useful work.” Furthermore, it is illustrated that available energy, equilibrium and stability, and thermostatic property relations are relative, to “constraints.”

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS FOR TRAIN STARTING WITH ELASTIC CONNECTIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 18-26
Author(s):  
I.P. POPOV
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Differential Equations ◽  
Friction Force ◽  
Static Friction ◽  
Longitudinal Vibrations ◽  
Maximum Tension ◽  
Inert Mass ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Elastic Couplings ◽  
Selection Of

The starting mode for the train is the most difficult. An effective method of pulling is the selection of coupling clearances. In this case, the cars are set in motion sequentially and the inert mass, as well as the static friction force immediately at the moment of starting, are minimal. This method has two significant drawbacks - a small fixed value of the gaps in the couplings and the shock nature of the impulse transfer. These disadvantages can be avoided by using elastically deformable couplings. The aim of this work is to construct a mathematical model of "easy" starting of a train with elastic couplings. The softening of the train start-off mode is essentially due to the replacement of the simultaneous start-off of the sections with alternate ones. To exclude longitudinal vibrations of the composition, after reaching the maximum tension of the coupling, the possibility of its harmonic compression should be mechanically blocked.

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