scholarly journals The influence of limitations and technical systems on the limitation of emissions of toxic combustion components from combustic engines

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 473-477
Author(s):  
Marek Idzior ◽  
Edward Czapliński
Keyword(s):  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Diagnostic System ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Drive Motor ◽  
Technical Solutions

The article discusses aspects related to legal solutions in the European Union, which have a direct impact on reducing the emission of toxic exhaust components from internal combustion engines, which are used to drive motor vehicles. Problems related to technical solutions that limit the negative impact of exploited cars on pollution of the natural environment have been presented. The development and impact of the OBD diagnostic system and the influence of non-engine equipment on emission reduction have been described. Carried out tests of a selected group of passenger cars during the obligatory check tests identified a group of vehicles that did not meet the legislator's requirements regarding the permissible values of toxic exhaust components.

scholarly journals Role of Legislation and State Policy in Minimizing the Impact of Threats to Environmental Safety in the Automobile Transport Sector

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 49-58
Author(s):  
I. V. Bryhadyr ◽  
I. V. Panova
Keyword(s):  
State Policy ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
The Impact

The role of legislation and state policy in minimizing the impact of threats to environmental safety in the field of automobile transport has been studied. The main directions of the development of state policy and legislation in the field of reducing the negative impact of motor vehicles on the environment and public health have been defined. The main problems of reducing the negative impact of motor vehicles on the environment and public health, as well as the development of state and legal mechanisms to overcome them have been determined. The main environmental problems faced by governments are the use of internal combustion engines and fuel quality indicators. Many EU countries are refusing to further impose more strict requirements on the operation of motor fuel engines, instead introducing mechanisms to completely abandon such vehicle propulsion systems. However, such a refusal raises another problem of greening of road transport – the problem of electrification of transport, in the process of which it is necessary to solve the problems of transport energy and disposal of used batteries of electric vehicles. The authors have emphasized on inexpediency that to be limited in the long run only to mechanisms for setting more strict emission requirements for cars. The authors have indicated the need for a comprehensive approach to solving environmental problems to prevent the emergence of new significant difficulties – the accumulation of used batteries of electric cars, the depletion of non-renewable resources for their manufacture, etc. It has been offered to join Ukraine to the pan-European initiative of electrification of road transport, to develop the state program for the transformation of the motor transport industry with clear deadlines for the introduction of restrictions on the use of internal combustion engines, to introduce mechanisms to financially stimulate the transition from internal combustion engines to electric combustion engines.

scholarly journals Analysis of electric motor vehicles market

2019 ◽  
Vol 179 (4) ◽  
pp. 169-175
Author(s):  
Marta MACIEJEWSKA ◽  
Paweł FUĆ ◽  
Monika KARDACH
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
The European Union

The increasingly restrictive standards related to exhaust emissions from cars make difficult the development of internal combustion engines. The activities undertaken in the design of internal combustion engines are mainly based on downsizing, e.g decreasing the engines displacement. The main direction in the development of vehicle propulsion is to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. It is expected to reduce CO2 emissions in 2020 to reach 95 g/km. Electric vehicles achieve low noise levels and do not emitted a burn, and thus, their use leads to a reduction in the amount of toxic exhaust gases in the air. The aspect of reducing emissions of harmful exhaust compounds and activities focusing on downsizing on the market of combustion engine cars leads to a significant increase the number of electric vehicles. In 2018 around 95 million motor vehicles were registered in the world, of which around 12 million in the European Union and 273 thousand in Poland. The number of electric vehicles among all sold is around 5.5%. Every year new, more technologically advanced models appear on the electric vehicle market. In 2018, the most popular model was the Nissan LEAF and the BAIC EC-Series. A large number of Renault ZOE have also been sold. In article analyzed different models of electric vehicle, which are available on market and presented the characteristics based on e.g. price per 100 kilometers, range for every model or charging time.

scholarly journals Influence of the Use of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Systems in Woodchippers Powered by Small Engines on Exhaust Emissions and Operating Costs

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 5773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Łukasz Warguła ◽  
Mateusz Kukla ◽  
Piotr Lijewski ◽  
Michał Dobrzyński ◽  
Filip Markiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Hc Emissions ◽  
Supply Systems

The use of alternative fuels is a contemporary trend in science aimed at the protection of non-renewable resources, reducing the negative impact on people and reducing the negative impact on the natural environment. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is an alternative fuel within the meaning of the European Union Directive (2014/94/UE), as it is an alternative for energy sources derived from crude oil. The use of LPG fuel in low-power internal combustion engines is one of the currently developed scientific research directions. It results from the possibility of limiting air pollutant emissions compared to the commonly used gasoline and the lower cost of this fuel in many countries. By “gasoline 95” the Authors mean non-lead petrol as a flammable liquid that is used primarily as a fuel in most spark-ignited internal combustion engines, whereas 95 is an octane rating (octane number). This article presents the results of research on fuel consumption, toxic exhaust gas emission, and operating costs of a woodchipper used for shredding branches with a diameter of up to 100 mm in real working conditions. The woodchipper, powered by a 9.5 kW internal combustion engine, fueled by gasoline and LPG was tested. Liberal regulations of the European Union (Regulation 2016/1628/EU) on the emission of harmful exhaust compounds from small spark-ignition engines (up to 19 kW) and non-road applications contribute to the low technical advancement level of these engines. The authors researched a relatively simple and cheap LPG fueling system, as in their opinion, such a system has the best chance of being implemented for use. In the study, the branches of cherry plum were shredded (Prunus cerasiferaEhrh. Beitr. Naturk. 4:17. 1789 (Gartenkalender4:189-204. 1784)). Their diameter was ca. 80 mm, length 3 m, and moisture content ca. 25%. The system was tested during the shredding of the branches in real working conditions (the frequency of supplying the branches about 4 min−1 and the mass productivity of about 0.73 t/h). Based on the recorded results, it was found that the LPG fueled engine was characterized by higher carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions by 22% and 27%, respectively. A positive effect of using LPG was the reduction of fuel consumption by 28% and carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrocarbons (HC) emissions by 37% and 83%, respectively. The results of the research show that the use of alternative fuels can bring benefits in terms of CO2 and HC emissions, but at the same time be characterized by an increase in CO and NOx emissions. Further research should be conducted on innovative alternative fuel supply systems, such as in the automotive industry. At the same time, legislators should limit the use of low-quality fuel supply systems with the limits of pollutant emissions in exhaust gases, contributing to the development and economic competitiveness of new fuel injection systems.

scholarly journals Effect of emission measurement of toxic exhaust components of automotive vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines on the environment during mandatory check tests at vehicle inspection stations

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 478-481
Author(s):  
Marek Idzior ◽  
Edward Czapliński ◽  
Marzena Korzik
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Emission Measurement ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Vehicle Inspection ◽  
The Impact

The article describes aspects related to the impact of toxic components of exhaust gases from motor vehicles, which are equipped with spark-ignition engines for environmental pollution and a negative impact on human health. The paper presents aspects related to the structure of passenger cars in Poland and the European Union, which are in operation and subject to mandatory control tests. The methodology of performing mandatory periodic check-ups in diagnostic stations and on the basis of the developed research results also includes a group of vehicles that does not meet the legal requirements for the measurement of exhaust emissions. The results of passenger car tests in selected European Union countries have been presented.

scholarly journals Sustainability Investigation of Vehicles’ CO2 Emission in Hungary

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8237
Author(s):  
István Árpád ◽  
Judit T. Kiss ◽  
Gábor Bellér ◽  
Dénes Kocsis
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
The European Union ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Technology System ◽  
Low Co2

The regulation of vehicular CO2 emissions determines the permissible emissions of vehicles in units of g CO2/km. However, these values only partially provide adequate information because they characterize only the vehicle but not the emission of the associated energy supply technology system. The energy needed for the motion of vehicles is generated in several ways by the energy industry, depending on how the vehicles are driven. These methods of energy generation consist of different series of energy source conversions, where the last technological step is the vehicle itself, and the result is the motion. In addition, sustainability characterization of vehicles cannot be determined by the vehicle’s CO2 emissions alone because it is a more complex notion. The new approach investigates the entire energy technology system associated with the generation of motion, which of course includes the vehicle. The total CO2 emissions and the resulting energy efficiency have been determined. For this, it was necessary to systematize (collect) the energy supply technology lines of the vehicles. The emission results are not given in g CO2/km but in g CO2/J, which is defined in the paper. This new method is complementary to the European Union regulative one, but it allows more complex evaluations of sustainability. The calculations were performed based on Hungarian data. Finally, using the resulting energy efficiency values, the emission results were evaluated by constructing a sustainability matrix similar to the risk matrix. If only the vehicle is investigated, low CO2 emissions can be achieved with vehicles using internal combustion engines. However, taking into consideration present technologies, in terms of sustainability, the spread of electric-only vehicles using renewable energies can result in improvement in the future. This proposal was supported by the combined analysis of the energy-specific CO2 emissions and the energy efficiency of vehicles with different power-driven systems.

scholarly journals The Effect of Pure Oxygenated Biofuels on Efficiency and Emissions in a Gasoline Optimised DISI Engine

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3908
Author(s):  
Tara Larsson ◽  
Senthil Krishnan Mahendar ◽  
Anders Christiansen-Erlandsson ◽  
Ulf Olofsson
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Engine Efficiency ◽  
Spark Timing ◽  
Low Load ◽  
Oxygenated Fuels ◽  
Load Conditions

The negative impact of transport on climate has led to incentives to increase the amount of renewable fuels used in internal combustion engines (ICEs). Oxygenated, liquid biofuels are promising alternatives, as they exhibit similar combustion behaviour to gasoline. In this article, the effect of the different biofuels on engine efficiency, combustion propagation and emissions of a gasoline-optimised direct injected spark ignited (DISI) engine were evaluated through engine experiments. The experiments were performed without any engine hardware modifications. The investigated fuels are gasoline, four alcohols (methanol, ethanol, n-butanol and iso-butanol) and one ether (MTBE). All fuels were tested at two speed sweeps at low and mid load conditions, and a spark timing sweep at low load conditions. The oxygenated biofuels exhibit increased efficiencies, even at non-knock-limited conditions. At lower loads, the oxygenated fuels decrease CO, HC and NOx emissions. However, at mid load conditions, decreased volatility of the alcohols leads to increased emissions due to fuel impingement effects. Methanol exhibited the highest efficiencies and significantly increased burn rates compared to the other fuels. Gasoline exhibited the lowest level of PN and PM emissions. N-butanol and iso-butanol show significantly increased levels of particle emissions compared to the other fuels.

scholarly journals Measurement of flow and pressure characteristics of combustion engine oil filters

2021 ◽  
Vol 351 ◽  
pp. 01004
Author(s):  
Ľubomír Hujo ◽  
Matej Michalides ◽  
Jozef Nosian ◽  
Mirko Simikić
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Motor Oil ◽  
Filtration Equipment ◽  
Motor Oils ◽  
The Given ◽  
Pressure Characteristics

For the purpose of measuring the flow and pressure characteristics of oil filters used in vehicles with internal combustion engines, a laboratory test equipment was used, which was designed at the Department of Transport and Handling of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. The target information from the given measurement is the obtained data on the change of flow and pressure, based on the type of oil filter used. The contribution of this paper is information that can be used in the future in the design of new filtration equipment, as well as the creation of a system for evaluating the technical life of motor oils, in order to extend the service intervals of motor oil, monitored set of motor vehicles.

scholarly journals Comparative Parameters Evaluation of Internal Combustion Engines Naturally Aspired and Supercharged With Hybrid Turbocharger

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiriac Rares ◽  
Anghel Chiru
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Operating Efficiency ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Exhaust Gases ◽  
Electric Generator ◽  
Technical Solutions

Abstract Internal combustion engines have an operating efficiency that can be exploited to increase their performance. Some of the waste gases can be recovered through technical solutions such as turbocharging. The turbocharging solution is one of the most popular technical solutions for increasing the energy performance of internal combustion engines. This requires an analysis of the energy balance of the internal combustion engine. This shows that there is a significant reserve of energy in the exhaust gases, which can be used to increase the engine efficiency. One solution is to use this energy to drive a turbine coupled with an electric generator. This article aims to present the result of the experimental research of the hybrid turbocharger, simulating and validating the new solutions for increasing the energy performance of internal combustion engines through hybrid turbochargers using a coupled electric generator. The simulations will be performed using AMESim software developed by Siemens to demonstrate through calculations the efficiency of new solutions, such as a hybrid turbocharger. The tests will be performed using an diesel internal combustion engine with a cylinder capacity of 1.9 liters which is also simulated with AMESim software. The residual exhaust gases of the internal combustion engine will drive the hybrid turbocharger turbine and generate electricity. Electricity can then be used for storage in the car battery or for consumption by the car's electrical system. The article also includes a comparative study between the power and torque of the naturally aspirated internal combustion engine equipped with a hybrid turbocharger.

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