scholarly journals Recycling technologies of used Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) from buses

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
Marta Wójcik
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Particulate Filter ◽  
Precious Metals ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Particulate Filter ◽  
Materials Management ◽  
Diesel Particulate ◽  
Diesel Particulate Filters ◽  
Particulate Filters ◽  
Metals Recovery ◽  
Technical Solutions

Stringent environmental requirements caused the use of special technical solutions from motor manufactures. These innovations aim to the reduction of gases emission. From 2000, vehicles with diesel engines, including buses, are equipped with the Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF). The basic principle of the DPF filter relays on the oxidation of carbon and hydrocarbons to harmless compounds: water, air and carbon dioxide. Due to the content of platinum and other precious metals, the price of diesel particulate filters is even several tens of thousands PLN. From the economical point of view, metals recovery from end of live buses is essential. Additionally, recycling of used diesel particulates filters is very important for materials management. This article presents the recycling methods of DPF filters from end of live vehicles, including buses. The recovery of platinum and other metals from aforementioned filters is an important step toward the reduction of the amount of waste. Additionally, the recycling of diesel particulate filters influences the protection of metals resources in the world.

Experimental study of lubricant-derived ash effects on diesel particulate filter performance

2019 ◽  
pp. 146808741987457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Yanfei Li ◽  
Victor W Wong ◽  
Shijin Shuai ◽  
Jinzhu Qi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Diesel Particulate Filter ◽  
Particulate Filter ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Particle Emissions ◽  
Diesel Particulate ◽  
Particulate Filters ◽  
Filter Performance ◽  
Soot Loading ◽  
Active Regeneration

Diesel particulate filters are indispensable for diesel engines to meet the increasingly stringent emission regulations. A large amount of ash would accumulate in the diesel particulate filter over time, which would significantly affect the diesel particulate filter performance. In this work, the lubricant-derived ash effects on diesel particulate filter pressure drop, diesel particulate filter filtration performance, diesel particulate filter temperature field during active regeneration, and diesel particulate filter downstream emissions during active regeneration were studied on an engine test bench. The test results show that the ash accumulated in the diesel particulate filter would decrease the diesel particulate filter pressure drop due to the “membrane effect” when the diesel particulate filter ash loading is lower than about 10 g/L, beyond which the diesel particulate filter pressure drop would be increased due to the reduction of diesel particulate filter effective volume. The ash loaded in the diesel particulate filter could significantly improve the diesel particulate filter filtration efficiency because it would fill the pores of diesel particulate filter wall. The diesel particulate filter peak temperature during active regeneration is consistent with the diesel particulate filter initial actual soot loading density prior to regeneration at various diesel particulate filter ash loading levels, while the diesel particulate filter maximum temperature gradient would increase with the diesel particulate filter ash loading increase, whether the diesel particulate filter is regenerated at the same soot loading level or the same diesel particulate filter pressure drop level. The ash accumulation in the diesel particulate filter shows little effects on diesel particulate filter downstream CO, total hydrocarbons, N2O emissions, and NO2/NO x ratio during active regeneration. However, a small amount of SO2 emissions was observed when the diesel particulate filter ash loading is higher than 10 g/L. The ash accumulated in the diesel particulate filter would increase the diesel particulate filter downstream sub-23 nm particle emissions but decrease larger particle emissions during active regeneration.

Effect of engine operating conditions on soot layer permeability and density in diesel particulate filters

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-63
Author(s):  
Christian Zöllner ◽  
Onoufrios Haralampous ◽  
Dieter Brüggemann
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Large Particle ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Particulate Filter ◽  
Diesel Particulate ◽  
Agglomerate Size ◽  
Diesel Particulate Filters ◽  
Particulate Filters ◽  
Operating Points ◽  
Particle Agglomerate

Understanding the variation of soot deposit properties in diesel particulate filters is necessary for their real-life modeling and onboard control. In this study, the effect of exhaust mass flow rate and particle agglomerate size on the soot layer permeability and density was investigated experimentally and analyzed using a well-validated model. A bare and a coated diesel particulate filter were loaded at five different engine operating points, specially selected to explore these effects in a heavily used part of the diesel engine map. Particle emissions were characterized in terms of particle agglomerate size distribution and primary particle diameter, while soot layer permeability and density were estimated indirectly by fitting the model to the pressure drop recordings. To this end, an automatic calibration procedure was applied to obtain values in a consistent and repeatable manner. The results showed considerable variation in both permeability and density. Furthermore, some trends could be identified after depicting the particle characterization data and soot layer properties in contour plots. Increased permeability appeared at the engine operating point with high flow rate and large particle agglomerate size. Lower density was obtained at the operating points with large particle agglomerate diameter.

Degradation resistance of silicon carbide diesel particulate filters to diesel fuel ash deposits

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 2913-2921 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. O’Sullivan ◽  
M.J. Pomeroy ◽  
S. Hampshire ◽  
M.J. Murtagh
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Carbide ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Lubricant Additive ◽  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
Particulate Filter ◽  
Diesel Particulate ◽  
Diesel Particulate Filters ◽  
Particulate Filters ◽  
Series Of Experiments

A series of experiments were conducted to investigate chemical interactions between silicon carbide (SiC) and synthetic ash compositions expected to be deposited on the surfaces and within the pore structure of a diesel particulate filter. The chosen ash compositions simulated those arising from lubricants and three fuel types: standard diesel, diesel containing ferrocene as a catalytic additive, and diesel containing a cerium-based catalyst. Results demonstrated that SiC suffered little chemical or oxidative degradation in the presence of the ashes at 900 °C. For the ash not containing Fe or Ce, ash sintering effects were a possible mechanism causing filter blockage at temperatures above 970 °C. For ashes containing Fe or Ce, appreciable sintering effects were not observed below 1100 °C. Based upon the work conducted the suitability of SiC as a construction material for diesel particulate filters is not compromised by chemical degradation in the presence of lubricant/additive derived ash at temperatures less than 1100 °C.

Simulation of continuously regenerating diesel particulate filters in transient driving cycles

2002 ◽  
Vol 216 (7) ◽  
pp. 591-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
I P Kandylas ◽  
G C Koltsakis
Keyword(s):  
Catalyst Activity ◽  
Particulate Filter ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Diesel Particulate ◽  
Diesel Particulate Filters ◽  
Particulate Filters ◽  
Simulation Tools ◽  
Driving Cycles ◽  
Engineering Models

Forced by strict emission standards, interest in the reduction of particulate emissions becomes increasingly higher. Although the technology of diesel particulate filters (DPFs) has advanced impressively, especially during recent years, considerable technological challenges remain unsolved. The technology of NO2-assisted continuously regenerating diesel filters in conjunction with the upcoming availability of low sulphur diesel fuel represents a promising solution, especially for heavy duty engines. In the present paper, a transient modelling approach for the combined catalyst and DPF system is presented. This combined model is used to predict the regeneration performance of NO2-assisted regeneration systems in the transient conditions of a legislated European driving cycle. Although the model is based on global and approximate reaction schemes, the results illustrate the applicability of simulation tools in the process of optimizing certain important design parameters of the system, such as catalyst and particulate filter sizing and positioning, and catalyst activity requirements. It is expected that such engineering models will be valuable tools in the selection and design of such kind of systems, minimizing the testing effort and the associated costs.

scholarly journals Detailed effects of a diesel particulate filter on the reduction of chemical species emissions

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devin R. Berg
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Diesel Particulate Filter ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Particulate Filter ◽  
Diesel Particulate ◽  
Particulate Filters ◽  
Metallic Compounds ◽  
Heavy Duty Diesel

Diesel particulate filters are designed to reduce themass emissions of diesel particulate matter and havebeen proven to be effective in this respect. Not much isknown, however, about their effects on otherunregulated chemical species. This study utilized sourcedilution sampling techniques to evaluate the effects of acatalyzed diesel particulate filter on a wide spectrum ofchemical emissions from a heavy-duty diesel engine.The species analyzed included both criteria andunregulated compounds such as particulate matter(PM), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC),inorganic ions, trace metallic compounds, elemental andorganic carbon (EC and OC), polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons (PAHs), and other organic compounds.Results showed a significant reduction for the emissionsof PM mass, CO, HC, metals, EC, OC, and PAHs.

scholarly journals Verifying the Efficiency of a Diesel Particulate Filter Using Particle Counters with Two Different Measurements in Periodic Technical Inspection of Vehicles

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 5128
Author(s):  
Wojciech Jarosiński ◽  
Piotr Wiśniowski
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Particulate Filter ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Particulate Filter ◽  
Diesel Particulate ◽  
Condensation Particle Counter ◽  
Particulate Filters ◽  
Technical Inspection ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Vehicle Inspection ◽  
Inspection Station

The article presents the possibility of verifying the efficiency of a diesel particulate filter (DPF) with the use of particle counters using two different measurement methods. The tests were carried out at a vehicle inspection station using a condensation particle counter (CPC) and a diffusion charger (DC). This article presents the results of measurements of 50 vehicles. Removal of the diesel particulate filter from a vehicle is prohibited but is a known phenomenon throughout the EU. The task of periodic technical inspections is to eliminate vehicles that are inoperative and do not meet the environmental protection requirements. However, to date, European vehicle inspection stations do not have an effective tool to counter tampering with diesel particulate filters. The performed measurements allowed us to prove the hypothesis that both methods of measurement allow the effective confirmation of the presence of DPF in a vehicle during the periodic technical inspection of the vehicle and verification of the quality of its operation. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of both measurement methods were assessed.

scholarly journals Controlling Noise and Gas Emissions by a New Design of Diesel Particulate Filters

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Dynamics ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Particulate Filter ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Diesel Particulate ◽  
Diesel Particulate Filters ◽  
Particulate Filters ◽  
Numerical Studies ◽  
Research Goal ◽  
Environmental Emissions

A theoretical and numerical studies on Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) and its working principal in controlling noise and exhaust gasses emissions is presented here. This research includes a study of current Martials types that is used in diesel particulate nowadays and on a new materials and technologies that we can use in future. A new design of DPF is presented here. Unfortunately, in Jordan we face an environmental problems caused by diesel engines and the production of NOx and other exhaust gases and particulate matter. The main reason of this problem is the low specification of diesel fuel that is used in Jordan, which leads to shorten the life time of the Diesel particulate filters and leading to block them in some intensive cases. This problems leads to increasing the pollutant in the air which can harm the people's health, animal and plants, so this research goal is to find a solution for the diesel particulate filter life time and to control the environmental emissions and engines noise resulted from gas dynamics. It is found that the developed design of DPF achieves about 22% increase in its performance in both gas emission and noise reductions comparing with the traditional one.

Numerical Simulation of Soot Deposition in Diesel Particulate Filters

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Chiavola ◽  
G. Falcucci
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Particulate Filter ◽  
Particulate Filter ◽  
Diesel Particulate ◽  
Particulate Filters ◽  
Soot Deposition ◽  
Operation Period ◽  
Steady Simulation ◽  
Commercial Device ◽  
Engine Power ◽  
Catalyzed Diesel Particulate Filter

The present work treats the problems and phenomena related to the soot deposition inside a modern Diesel particulate filter, in order to realize a numerical model able to analyze how particulate matter lays down and grows over the porous walls inside a non-catalyzed diesel particulate filter. The geometry of a commercial device has been imported in a 3D CFD code and the phenomena related to the fluid while it passes through the porous media of the filter have been viewed upon with an unsteady approach for different values of engine power and torque. The obtained velocity fields have been used to calculate the profile of deposited soot after a chosen operation period and the geometry of the filter has been then refreshed for the subsequent quasi-steady simulation. The backpressure due to the growing of the soot layer has been calculated.

Diesel Particulate Filter Retrofit of a 1500 kW Multi-Engine Genset Locomotive

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hedrick ◽  
Steve Fritz ◽  
Kathy Plunkett
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Particulate Filter ◽  
Particulate Filter ◽  
Emissions Reduction ◽  
Exhaust Pipe ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Diesel Particulate ◽  
Particulate Filters ◽  
Traction Motors ◽  
Generator Sets ◽  
Locomotive Diesel

This paper documents the initial test results of a locomotive diesel particulate filter (DPF) retrofit project. The locomotive used for this project was BNSF1284, a 1,566 kW National Railway Equipment Company (NREC) model 3GS21B, originally manufactured in April, 2008, and designed to be an Ultra-Low Emissions Locomotive (ULEL). This genset switcher locomotive uses three Cummins QSK19 Cummins 522 kW diesel-engine driven generator sets (Genset 1, 2, and 3) to provide the power needed to drive the traction motors. The GT Exhaust Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) retrofit system, installed on BNSF1284, uses catalyzed DPF elements. The DPF, and its catalyzed coating, offered significant hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate (PM) emissions reduction. Additionally, the catalyzed coating should allow the diesel particulate filters to passively regenerate at moderate exhaust temperatures, thus keeping the engine back pressure within allowable limits of the manufacture. The GT Exhaust DPF’s were installed in place of the standard mufflers on each of the three engines. The GT Exhaust DPF’s are roughly the same size as the stock muffler. The only locomotive modification needed to install the GT Exhaust DPF’s was to the muffler mounting platform, directly above the engine, where the exhaust pipe opening needed to be enlarged. There are no external modifications to the locomotive car body needed to install the GT Exhaust DPF’s. After installation of the DPF’s, they were degreened by operating the engines at rated power for 20 hours. After degreening testing was performed according to Title 40 of the U. S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 92, Subpart B. The addition of the DPF reduced the PM emissions to 0.016 g/kW-hr or 60 percent below the locomotive Tier 4 PM limits. BNSF1284 was returned to revenue service in Richmond, California in March 2012, where the DPF performance will be tracked for 3,000 hours of operation as part of a California Air Resources Board (CARB) verification program.

Vibration-Induced Ash Removal From Diesel Particulate Filters

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Sappok ◽  
Vincent Costanzo ◽  
Leslie Bromberg ◽  
Cole Waldo ◽  
Rob Salsgiver
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Particulate Filter ◽  
Diesel Particulate ◽  
Diesel Particulate Filters ◽  
Particulate Filters ◽  
Cleaning System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Filter Operation ◽  
Useful Life ◽  
Ceramic Honeycomb

Ceramic, honeycomb-type diesel particulate filters (DPF) are commonly used in a wide range of on- and off-road diesel-powered vehicles and equipment to reduce particulate matter (PM) emissions to mandated levels. While the majority of the trapped PM can be removed from the filter through regeneration, incombustible ash builds up in the filter over time. The ash deposits are generally found accumulated in a porous layer along the channel walls, or packed as end-plugs towards the back of the filter channels. Ash accumulation in the filter restricts exhaust flow, reduces the filter’s soot storage capacity, and negatively impacts fuel consumption. In order to mitigate these deleterious impacts on filter operation, the particulate filter is periodically removed for ash cleaning. This study examines the effects of vibrations to remove and dislodge ash deposits from diesel particulate filters, particularly the ash accumulated toward the back of the channels and packed in plugs. Fundamental measurements of ash properties, combined with experiments utilizing full-size, field-aged particulate filters were conducted to ascertain the effects of specific vibration frequencies and acceleration levels on ash plug break-up and transport out of the DPF channels. The results show considerable potential for the application of controlled vibrations in an offline cleaning system to aid in the removal of ash deposits plugging filter channels, thereby reducing the ash-related impact on vehicle fuel consumption and extending the useful life of the particulate filter.

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