scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Physique Assessment in the Military: New Zealand Defence Force Anthropometry Survey Protocols and Summary Statistics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephven Kolose ◽  
◽  
Patria Hume ◽  
Tom Stewart ◽  
Grant Tomkinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
3D Scanning ◽  
3D Images ◽  
The Military ◽  
Assess Body Composition ◽  
Preparation Equipment

This book describes how to conduct a large-scale anthropometric survey in the military with a specific focus on the New Zealand Defence Force Anthropometry Survey. This book provides a historical introduction to surface kinanthropometry (Part I), 3D scanning technology (Part II) and an overview of military anthropometry surveys in Part IV. It also provides a description of the New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF) anthropometry survey in Part IV, conclusions in Part V and concludes with the measurement technique protocols and normative data for the NZDF kinanthropometry survey in Part VI. While surface anthropometry has traditionally been used to assess body composition through the internationally recognised methodology of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK), the commercialisation of three-dimensional photometry (3D scanning) has led to the adoption of new and often non-standardised, measurement techniques. We detail standardisation procedures for 3D scanning in terms of participant preparation, equipment calibration, test protocols, data reporting and data interpretation. We outline how 3D scanning works, what it is used to measure, and what the issues are surrounding its validity, practicality, and reliability. This book provides an essential reference for practitioners wishing to measure military physique. We have not presented 3-D assessment data (i.e. surface manifold, volumetric, symmetry or shape analysis). We have only extracted 1-D measures from 3D images in this eBook.

scholarly journals Environment of Deposition and Paleogeography of the Late Cretaceous Glenburn Formation, Eastern North Island, New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
James McClintock
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Depositional Environments ◽  
Tectonic Deformation ◽  
Turbidity Currents ◽  
Submarine Fan ◽  
Submarine Channels

<p>The Glenburn Formation of the East Coast of New Zealand is a Late Cretaceous sedimentary formation consisting of alternating layers of sandstone, mudstone and conglomerate. The Glenburn Formation spans a depositional timeframe of over 10 Ma, is over 1000 m thick, is regionally extensive and is possibly present over large areas offshore. For these reasons, it is important to constrain the paleoenvironment of this unit.  Late Cretaceous paleogeographic reconstructions of the East Coast Basin are, however, hampered by a number of factors, including the pervasive Neogene to modern tectonic deformation of the region, the poorly understood nature of the plate tectonic regime during the Cretaceous, and a lack of detailed sedimentological studies of most of the region’s Cretaceous units. Through detailed mapping of the Glenburn Formation, this study aims to improve inferences of regional Cretaceous depositional environments and paleogeography.  Detailed facies based analysis was undertaken on several measured sections in eastern Wairarapa and southern Hawke’s Bay. Information such as bed thickness, grain size and sedimentary structures were recorded in order to identify distinct facies. Although outcrop is locally extensive, separate outcrop localities generally lie in different thrust blocks, which complicates comparisons of individual field areas and prevents construction of the large-scale, three-dimensional geometry of the Glenburn Formation.  Glenburn Formation consists of facies deposited by sediment gravity flows that were primarily turbidity currents and debris flows. Facies observed are consistent with deposition on a prograding submarine fan system. There is significant variation in facies both within and between sections. Several distinct submarine fan architectural components are recognised, such as fan fringes, fan lobes, submarine channels and overbank deposits. Provenance and paleocurrent indicators are consistent with deposition having occurred on several separate submarine fans, and an integrated regional paleogeographic reconstruction suggests that deposition most likely occurred in a fossil trench following the mid-Cretaceous cessation of subduction along the Pacific-facing margin of Gondwana.</p>

scholarly journals A Year-Long Large-Eddy Simulation of the Weather over Cabauw: An Overview

2015 ◽  
Vol 143 (3) ◽  
pp. 828-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerôme Schalkwijk ◽  
Harmen J. J. Jonker ◽  
A. Pier Siebesma ◽  
Fred C. Bosveld
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Large Eddy Simulation ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Eddy Simulation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Large Eddy

Abstract Results are presented of two large-eddy simulation (LES) runs of the entire year 2012 centered at the Cabauw observational supersite in the Netherlands. The LES is coupled to a regional weather model that provides the large-scale information. The simulations provide three-dimensional continuous time series of LES-generated turbulence and clouds, which can be compared in detail to the extensive observational dataset of Cabauw. The LES dataset is available from the authors on request. This type of LES setup has a number of advantages. First, it can provide a more statistical approach to the study of turbulent atmospheric flow than the more common case studies, since a diverse but representative set of conditions is covered, including numerous transitions. This has advantages in the design and evaluation of parameterizations. Second, the setup can provide valuable information on the quality of the LES model when applied to such a wide range of conditions. Last, it also provides the possibility to emulate observation techniques. This might help detect limitations and potential problems of a variety of measurement techniques. The LES runs are validated through a comparison with observations from the observational supersite and with results from the “parent” large-scale model. The long time series that are generated, in combination with information on the spatial structure, provide a novel opportunity to study time scales ranging from seconds to seasons. This facilitates a study of the power spectrum of horizontal and vertical wind speed variance to identify the dominant variance-containing time scales.

Three-Dimensional Unsteady Flow Field due to IGV-Rotor Interaction in the Tip Region of an Axial Compressor Rotor Passage

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongwei Ma ◽  
Haokang Jiang ◽  
Qingguo Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Flow Field ◽  
Unsteady Flow ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Axial Compressor ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Suction Surface ◽  
Compressor Rotor ◽  
Flow Mixing

This paper reports an experimental study of the three-dimensional unsteady flow field due to IGV-rotor interaction in the tip region of an axial compressor rotor passage. The measurements were conducted on a low-speed large-scale axial compressor using a 3-component Laser Doppler Velocimetry. Both experimental method and measurement techniques are presented in details. The results indicate that the tip corner flow of the IGV suction surface has deeper effects on the downstream flow than the IGV wake in the tip region. The interaction and the flow mixing among the IGV wake, the IGV comer flow and the rotor leading-edge flow occur at the inlet of a rotor passage, which make the rotor inlet flow three-dimensional, turbulent and unsteady. The low-energy fluids from the upstream tend to accumulate toward the rotor pressure surface after they enter a rotor passage. In the procedure, the interaction and the flow mixing among the rotor tip leakage vortex and the low-energy fluids occur in the rotor passage.

scholarly journals Automatic Tree Detection from Three-Dimensional Images Reconstructed from 360° Spherical Camera Using YOLO v2

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenta Itakura ◽  
Fumiki Hosoi
Keyword(s):  
Structure From Motion ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Images ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Detection Model ◽  
Tree Detection ◽  
Spherical Images ◽  
Omnidirectional Images

It is important to grasp the number and location of trees, and measure tree structure attributes, such as tree trunk diameter and height. The accurate measurement of these parameters will lead to efficient forest resource utilization, maintenance of trees in urban cities, and feasible afforestation planning in the future. Recently, light detection and ranging (LiDAR) has been receiving considerable attention, compared with conventional manual measurement techniques. However, it is difficult to use LiDAR for widespread applications, mainly because of the costs. We propose a method for tree measurement using 360° spherical cameras, which takes omnidirectional images. For the structural measurement, the three-dimensional (3D) images were reconstructed using a photogrammetric approach called structure from motion. Moreover, an automatic tree detection method from the 3D images was presented. First, the trees included in the 360° spherical images were detected using YOLO v2. Then, these trees were detected with the tree information obtained from the 3D images reconstructed using structure from motion algorithm. As a result, the trunk diameter and height could be accurately estimated from the 3D images. The tree detection model had an F-measure value of 0.94. This method could automatically estimate some of the structural parameters of trees and contribute to more efficient tree measurement.

Leave no one behind? Transitioning from the military to civilian life in New Zealand

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Andrew Cardow ◽  
Jean-Sebastien Imbeau ◽  
Bill Willie Apiata ◽  
Jenny Martin
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Civilian Life ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Transition Experience ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Military ◽  
Military Transition

Abstract Transition from the military environment into a civilian environment is a topic that has seen increasing attention within the last two decades. There is, in the literature, a clearly articulated issue that transition from the military to the civilian world is somewhat different to transitioning from school to work, or from career to career, or from work to retirement. Many, but not all, of the extant examples regarding military transition are case studies, focus groups or small-scale qualitative surveys. The following article details a large-scale survey that took place in New Zealand in 2019. From just over 1400 responses, a wide range of information was gathered. The aim of the survey was to uncover the experiences of military who had undergone transition within New Zealand. In this respect, the survey was exploratory. We report here the qualitative results that expand the existing body of knowledge of military transition. Our results are in line with international results and demonstrate that a large majority of respondents had a less than desirable transition experience. The contribution made therefore is a reinforcement that current practice in this area is needing a great deal of attention. The following outlines the experiences our New Zealand-based respondents had and how this mirrors the extant international literature. As this was the first survey of its kind to attract large numbers of respondents within New Zealand, the results and discussion that follow present aspects of transition that the Ministry of Defence and the New Zealand Defence Force may wish to consider when planning future transition programmes.

scholarly journals Environment of Deposition and Paleogeography of the Late Cretaceous Glenburn Formation, Eastern North Island, New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
James McClintock
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Depositional Environments ◽  
Tectonic Deformation ◽  
Turbidity Currents ◽  
Submarine Fan ◽  
Submarine Channels

<p>The Glenburn Formation of the East Coast of New Zealand is a Late Cretaceous sedimentary formation consisting of alternating layers of sandstone, mudstone and conglomerate. The Glenburn Formation spans a depositional timeframe of over 10 Ma, is over 1000 m thick, is regionally extensive and is possibly present over large areas offshore. For these reasons, it is important to constrain the paleoenvironment of this unit.  Late Cretaceous paleogeographic reconstructions of the East Coast Basin are, however, hampered by a number of factors, including the pervasive Neogene to modern tectonic deformation of the region, the poorly understood nature of the plate tectonic regime during the Cretaceous, and a lack of detailed sedimentological studies of most of the region’s Cretaceous units. Through detailed mapping of the Glenburn Formation, this study aims to improve inferences of regional Cretaceous depositional environments and paleogeography.  Detailed facies based analysis was undertaken on several measured sections in eastern Wairarapa and southern Hawke’s Bay. Information such as bed thickness, grain size and sedimentary structures were recorded in order to identify distinct facies. Although outcrop is locally extensive, separate outcrop localities generally lie in different thrust blocks, which complicates comparisons of individual field areas and prevents construction of the large-scale, three-dimensional geometry of the Glenburn Formation.  Glenburn Formation consists of facies deposited by sediment gravity flows that were primarily turbidity currents and debris flows. Facies observed are consistent with deposition on a prograding submarine fan system. There is significant variation in facies both within and between sections. Several distinct submarine fan architectural components are recognised, such as fan fringes, fan lobes, submarine channels and overbank deposits. Provenance and paleocurrent indicators are consistent with deposition having occurred on several separate submarine fans, and an integrated regional paleogeographic reconstruction suggests that deposition most likely occurred in a fossil trench following the mid-Cretaceous cessation of subduction along the Pacific-facing margin of Gondwana.</p>

scholarly journals A functional analysis of two 3D-scanned antique pistols from New Zealand

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
John LaRocco ◽  
Dong-Guk Paeng
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
3D Scanning ◽  
Intermediate Step ◽  
Digital Models ◽  
Historical Preservation ◽  
Victorian Era ◽  
3D Computer Model

<p class="VARAbstract">Preservation of historical weapons requires continual and careful maintenance. Digital three-dimensional (3D) scanning can assist in preservation and analysis by generating a 3D computer model. New Zealand presents a special case for historical preservation, owing to the rapid import of European goods in a culture previously unexposed to metalworking. This, and the subsequent British colonization, led to upheaval and war. The most intense conflict between British and Maori forces was in the New Zealand Land Wars of the mid-19<sup>th</sup> century. The primary handheld firearms used in this period were black-powder muzzle-loaders, and the variety of armed factions involved in the war resulted in an eclectic range of weapons used. Two antique muzzle-loading pistols from this period were scanned and analyzed. Insights were gained into the history of double-barreled muzzle-loading pistols and transitional revolvers. The double-barreled pistol was determined to have been a flintlock pistol from a century prior to the Land Wars, later converted to percussion cap ignition. The transitional revolver was an intermediate step between the multi-barrel pepperbox pistol and the “true” revolver, but it remained in use throughout the Victorian era. Both types of firearms were effectively obsolete elsewhere in the world by the time of the Land Wars, but the conflict created a demand for a variety of weapons. While the pistols analyzed in this study are decommissioned and no longer in working order, the 3D models made from the samples afforded a unique glimpse into New Zealand’s history. The methodology detailed over the course of the study can be applied to other historical firearms in order to facilitate preservation, investigation, and experimentation.</p><p>Highlights:</p><ul><li><p>Preservation of historical machines requires continual maintenance, including replacement of worn or missing parts.</p></li><li><p>A combination of 3D scanning and digital models was used to analyze two antique pistols from New Zealand: a converted flintlock pistol and a transitional revolver.</p></li><li><p>The method of making and analyzing digital models detailed in this study offers a way to facilitate historical preservation, experimental archaeology, and functional analysis.</p></li></ul>

High Resolution Microscopy of Multi-Layered Biological Crystals

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 80-83
Author(s):  
H.A. Cohen ◽  
T.W. Jeng ◽  
W. Chiu
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Biological Objects ◽  
Density Maps ◽  
Density Map ◽  
Complex Crystal ◽  
High Resolution Microscopy

This tutorial will discuss the methodology of low dose electron diffraction and imaging of crystalline biological objects, the problems of data interpretation for two-dimensional projected density maps of glucose embedded protein crystals, the factors to be considered in combining tilt data from three-dimensional crystals, and finally, the prospects of achieving a high resolution three-dimensional density map of a biological crystal. This methodology will be illustrated using two proteins under investigation in our laboratory, the T4 DNA helix destabilizing protein gp32*I and the crotoxin complex crystal.

Measurements in 3D images

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 408-409
Author(s):  
John C. Russ
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Image Plane ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
3D Images ◽  
Confocal Scanning Laser Microscope ◽  
Hard Materials ◽  
Depth Direction ◽  
Confocal Scanning ◽  
Confocal Scanning Laser

Three-dimensional (3D) images consisting of arrays of voxels can now be routinely obtained from several different types of microscopes. These include both the transmission and emission modes of the confocal scanning laser microscope (but not its most common reflection mode), the secondary ion mass spectrometer, and computed tomography using electrons, X-rays or other signals. Compared to the traditional use of serial sectioning (which includes sequential polishing of hard materials), these newer techniques eliminate difficulties of alignment of slices, and maintain uniform resolution in the depth direction. However, the resolution in the z-direction may be different from that within each image plane, which makes the voxels non-cubic and creates some difficulties for subsequent analysis.

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