scholarly journals 從儒家倫理學看“代孕”的道德性

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-54
Author(s):  
Hanhui XU
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Golden Rule ◽  
Infertile Couple ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Surrogate Motherhood ◽  
Surrogate Mothers ◽  
Natural Reproduction ◽  
Confucian Thought ◽  
Infertile Couples

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.代孕（文中特指完全代孕）行為是指代理孕母接受不孕夫婦的受精卵，將其放入自己的子宮內，實現受孕，並經過十月懷胎，生出與自己無血緣關係的孩子的行為。代孕作為輔助生殖技術衍生技術，自產生之初，便飽受爭議。圍繞代孕產生的道德爭議包括：代孕生育是不是一種非自然的方式而應予以抵制？代理孕母出借子宮是否有損人的尊嚴？如果代孕合乎道德，是否能夠使其商業化？本文旨在從儒家倫理學出發，以“生生之德”、“仁者愛人”為代孕技術和代理孕母提供一種合理的辯護。從儒家倫理學的角度來看，代孕技術和代理孕母本身就是道德上正當的。代孕技術為不能生育的夫婦帶來希望，符合“生生之德”，是一種以人道補不足的措施；代理孕母更是為了他人的幸福甘願犧牲人利益，體現出崇高的道德價值。同時，本文嘗試用儒家生命倫理學的基本原則，即“貴生”、“仁愛”、“公義”、“和諧”四原則，為代孕行為做出規範。使得代孕能夠被更多的人所接受，促進社會福祉。Surrogacy, especially complete surrogacy, refers to a surrogate woman who accepts the fertilized egg of an infertile couple into her uterus to achieve pregnancy for that couple. In almost ten months she will give birth to a baby who belongs not to her but to the infertile couple. Such surrogacy, along with relevant assisted reproductive technology, has been highly controversial since its introduction. It is well known that important ethical issues surround such surrogacy, including: should such unnatural surrogacy be resisted or prohibited? Is lending one’s uterus in such surrogacy compatible with a proper notion of human dignity? If such surrogacy is morally acceptable, should it be commercialized?Since 2001, the Chinese Ministry of Health has completely banned the practice of such surrogacy through administrative regulations. However, this has merely produced an “underground” surrogate industry, but has not reduced the demand for surrogate mothers. This essay intends to defend surrogate technology and surrogate motherhood from the Confucian notion of “creative creativity” and “benevolent love.”Surrogate technology, which offers assistance to produce human life through artificial means, brings hope to infertile couples who wish to have children. This is in conformance with the Confucian notion of “creative creativity.” It provides an artificial way to make up for deficiencies in human natural reproduction. A surrogate mother is compassionate towards infertile families. She is willing to sacrifice her personal interests for the welfare of others, reflecting the lofty moral values of the Confucian tradition.In addition, this article appeals to certain basic Confucian ethical principles to address relevant issues. These principles include the principles of “cherishing life,” “benevolence,” “justice,” and “harmony.” The principle of cherishing life requires that every human being should have respect for and love life, and this is taken to be an inherent requirement of human nature in Confucian thought. The principle of benevolence refers to the requirement that everyone should care for others and follow the golden rule, namely, that one should not do to others what one does not want others to do oneself. Confucian justice is considered a basic virtue in social distribution, and government should take care of those who are unfortunate or vulnerable. In the medical field, this is particularly reflected in the equitable distribution of medical resources. The principle of harmony requires that each individual should have peaceful contact with others and get along with others in a friendly way; it also requires that everyone make important decisions together with their close family members in relevant medical contexts. Taking all of these principles together, the Chinese government should not ban surrogacy through administrative regulations. It is only proper to guide surrogate practices through certain rules and norms, so that the legitimate interests of both infertile couples and surrogate mothers can be adequately protected in terms of suitable Confucian ethical considerations.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 1934 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

scholarly journals Ethical Issues around Death and Withdrawal of Life Support in Neonatal Intensive Care

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuti Pant
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Brain Injured ◽  
Discharge Against Medical Advice

AbstractAmongst all the traumatic experiences in a human life, death of child is considered the most painful, and has profound and lasting impact on the life of parents. The experience is even more complex when the death occurs within a neonatal intensive care unit, particularly in situations where there have been conflicts associated with decisions regarding the redirection of life-sustaining treatments. In the absence of national guidelines and legal backing, clinicians are faced with a dilemma of whether to prolong life-sustaining therapy even in the most brain-injured infants or allow a discharge against medical advice. Societal customs, vagaries, and lack of bereavement support further complicate the experience for parents belonging to lower socio-economic classes. The present review explores the ethical dilemmas around neonatal death faced by professionals in India, and suggests some ways forward.

The ethical issues of biotechnology: Religious culture and the value of life

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shimazono Susumu
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Genetic Diagnosis ◽  
Value Of Life ◽  
Great Expectations ◽  
Early Embryonic Stage ◽  
Religious Cultures

Advances in biotechnology and medical science, especially breakthroughs in cloning and stem cell research, have raised great expectations for curing diseases, repairing damaged body tissue and organs, enabling conception at advanced age and selecting embryos based on genetic diagnosis. However, the question arises whether these advances will improve the happiness of humankind or whether human bodies are being assaulted as development resources in order to procure greater profits. This article investigates how the value of life is conceptualized by religious cultures vis-a-vis the emerging threats. With regard to the early embryonic stage of human life, the Catholic Church, for example, has raised a loud voice against the artificial termination of pregnancy. As a matter of fact, various religious cultures have showed and underpinned to a considerable extent the value of life and the direction that science and technology should take in this respect. It is argued that the globalized competition in science and technology makes it necessary to transcend the views concerning the value of life propagated by particular religious cultures.

Abortion and its consequences before and after legalization

1927 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-258
Author(s):  
G. Baksht
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Comprehensive Coverage

From a social point of view, the problem of abortion was and is, perhaps, more topical today than ever before. The comprehensive coverage of this problem, which involves the most intimate aspect of human life, social and domestic conditions, and ethical issues, can only be the product of the collective efforts of physicians, sociologists, and lawyers.

scholarly journals Gender and Ethical Issues Arising from the Implementation of the Services of Surrogate Motherhood

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Inna G. Garanina ◽  
Nail S. Moustakimov ◽  
Tatiana A. Izbienova ◽  
Tatiana F. Timofeyeva
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Surrogate Motherhood

Unique Ethical Issues in Chemistry

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Kovac
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Chemical Systems ◽  
Fundamental Knowledge ◽  
The Right

What makes chemistry unique? And how does this uniqueness reflect on chemistry’s unique concerns with ethics? As Roald Hoffmann (1995) argues, it is because chemistry is in the “tense middle,” occupying a space between several pairs of extremes. Perhaps most important, chemistry has always inhabited a frontier between science and technology, the pure and the applied, the theoretical and the practical (Bensaude-Vincent and Simon 2008). Unlike the other natural sciences, chemistry traces its origins both to philosophy and the craft tradition. Chemists are discoverers of knowledge and creators of new substances. The objects of study in chemistry, molecules and the macroscopic systems made up of molecules, are intermediate between the very small, the elementary particles, and the very large, the cosmos. Chemical systems are the right size to affect humans directly, for better or worse. They are the building blocks of biological organisms, they are the substances we eat and drink, they are the drugs that have improved human health dramatically over the past century, they comprise the materials we use to construct the products we use daily, but they are also the environmental pollutants that can plague our world. Chemicals can also be used as weapons. Being in the middle means that chemists face a unique set of ethical issues that I try to explicate in this chapter. These issues derive, in part, from the nature of chemistry as a science, a science that does not fit the neat picture drawn in the first chapter of textbooks. They also derive from the fact that ethics is an inquiry into right human conduct: What is a good life? Chemistry has perhaps contributed more to the betterment of human life than any other science, but at the same time has also contributed significantly to the deterioration of the environment. As explained in Chapter 3, much of chemistry is conducted in Pasteur’s quadrant, where both the search for fundamental knowledge and considerations of use are important. Chemical synthesis is perhaps the central activity of chemistry.

Mastery, Dependence, and the Ethics of Authority

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Stalnaker
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Social Value ◽  
Individual Autonomy ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Human Relationships ◽  
Human Lifespan ◽  
The Social ◽  
Human Autonomy ◽  
Confucian Thought

This book is an analysis of expertise and authority, and examines classical Confucian conceptions of mastery, dependence, and human relationships in order to suggest new approaches to these issues in ethics and political theory. Contemporary Westerners are heirs to multiple traditions that are suspicious of authority, especially coercive political authority. We are also increasingly wary of dependence, which now often seems to signify weakness, neediness, and unworthiness. Analysts commonly presume that both authority and dependence threaten human autonomy, and are thus intrinsically problematic. But these judgments are mistaken. Our capacity for autonomy needs to be cultivated over time through deliberate practices of training, in which we depend on the guidance of virtuous and skilled teachers. Confucian thought provides a subtle and powerful analysis of one version of this training process, and of the social supports such an education in autonomy requires—as well as the social value of having virtuous and skilled leaders. Early Confucians also argue that human life is marked by numerous interacting forms of dependence, which are not only ineradicable, but in many ways good. On a Confucian view, it is natural, healthy, and good for people to be deeply dependent on others in a variety of ways across the full human lifespan. They teach us that individual autonomy develops only within a social matrix, structured by relationships of mutual dependence that can either help or hinder it, including a variety of authority relations.

Law in Doctrine and Life According to Martin Luther

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Risto Saarinen ◽  
Derek R. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Golden Rule ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Christian Life ◽  
God's Will ◽  
Rabbinic Judaism ◽  
Unity In Diversity ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One

The law both is and functions in Martin Luther’s theology. To the extent that it simply is, the law is wholly good, just, and pure. It reveals God’s benevolent providence for creation by instantiating structures of human relationships, natural processes, and social arrangements within which human life and all of creation can flourish. Luther regards the essential character of the law in a way reminiscent of the haggadah tradition of Rabbinic Judaism, where the law is a narrative which reveals features of the lawgiver. Under the conditions of sin, however, the law can be experienced as wrath by humans who cannot fulfill what it requires, and who suffer as a result of their own transgression of the Word of God or as a result of the transgressions of others. It functions thus as a curb against wickedness and as a means of exposing sin to be sin. Its continued presence in the life of the believer is necessary, as Luther clarified in his various debates with Johann Agricola and the so-called “Antinomians.” When the law is understood only in its antinomy with the gospel, the life-affirming elements of the law are occluded, even as the gospel’s life-redeeming elements are thereby rendered clear. While numerous fine distinctions can be found in Luther’s theology of the law, it maintains a basic unity-in-diversity. God wills singly in dealing with human beings as his creatures. Therefore “civil law,” the Decalogue, and other manifestations of the law are facets of the one will of God for the flourishing of creation. Recent Pauline scholarship has criticized Luther for eisegesis on Paul’s view of the law; Luther needed to see his contemporary Roman partisans as Paul’s legalistic Jewish opponents, they say, and so he read Romans as a critique of 16th-century “works righteousness.” This view ignores the fact that Luther (and Augustine) viewed the post-conversion Paul as “continent” in doing the works of the law, neither weak-willed nor perfectly virtuous. Law is necessary for doctrine, but it is also important for the “Christian life” because it helps the believer to understand the reciprocity that underlies interpersonal relationships, seen especially in the “golden rule” that functions as the epitome of the Christian life. The radical receptivity (i.e., passivity) that characterizes the life of faith in believers enables the experience of God’s will, understood as law or command, in a constructive and beneficial way. While Christian life should employ a “faith approach” rather than a “law approach,” genuine faith in God does, in fact, reveal the true meaning of the law. This might be called the “second use of the gospel” in that God’s command (Gebot), viewed in light of the gospel, becomes a source of guidance for the Christian life, the ten commandments, the double love command, and the Sermon on the Mount chief among them.

scholarly journals Psychological State of Selected Infertile Couples of Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
SM Nurul Irfan ◽  
Md Mahbubur Rahman ◽  
Sangita Mithun ◽  
SM Yasir Arafat ◽  
Farzana Zafreen
Keyword(s):  
Computer Software ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Military Hospital ◽  
Infertile Couple ◽  
Depression Anxiety Stress Scale ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Infertile Couples

Introduction: Infertility is an increasingly prevalent condition which causes considerable psychological problems among infertile couples. Objective: To assess the psychological state of infertility in terms of depression, anxiety and stress among the infertile couples of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the fertility centre of Combined Military Hospital, Dhaka from January to July 2018 among purposively selected 112 infertile couple. Data were collected by face to face interview through a pretested semi-structured Bangla questionnaire of Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale and analyzed by computer software SPSS 19.0. Results: Among the 112 infertile couples, depression was found among 54.5%, anxiety among 53.6% and stress in 30.4% of females. Whereas among males depression was found in 38.4%, anxiety 26.8% and stress 21.4%. This study also revealed that couples with primary infertility had more depression, anxiety and stress than others. Conclusion: Females have been psychologically more affected than their husbands due to infertility. More than half of the females had depression and anxiety and about one third was affected by stress which was higher than their husbands. Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.14(1) 2018: 41-45

scholarly journals EAST SLAVIC SURROGATE MOTHERHOOD: STATE OF LEGAL REGULATION AND RISK OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 2882-2889
Author(s):  
Daryna P. Yevtieieva ◽  
Andrii V. Lapkin ◽  
Vladyslav V. Karelin
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Surrogate Motherhood ◽  
Surrogate Mothers ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
The Common ◽  
Statistical Induction ◽  
Genetic Parents ◽  
Human Rights Violation

The aim: The aim of the study is to determine the state of legal regulation of surrogacy in Ukraine, Russian Federation and Belarus, to identify risks of human rights violations, to identify legal and medical mechanisms to combat the exploitation of women, and to outline a portrait of a surrogate mother. Materials and methods: The empirical basis is the legislation of Ukraine, Russian Federation and Belarus, which regulates the service of surrogacy, information from the websites of agencies and clinics in this area, as well as personal stories of 41 surrogate mothers, set out in open sources. The following methods were used: dialectical, comparative, statistical, induction and deduction, questionnaire, analysis and synthesis, content analysis. Conclusions: The results of the study clarify both the common features of the legal regulation of surrogacy in the East Slavic countries, and the specifics of each of them; the main problems in the field of its application are outlined; the risks of violation of the rights of genetic parents, children and surrogate mothers are characterized. Legal and medical mechanisms for counteracting the exploitation of surrogate mothers have been identified.

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