scholarly journals Musiikki ja kerronnan tasot Kirill Serebrennikovin elokuvassa Kesä

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-26
Author(s):  
Ira Österberg
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Rock Music ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Music Performance ◽  
Film Music ◽  
True Story ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Hollywood Musicals ◽  
Film Genres ◽  
Music Track

Venäläisen ohjaajan Kirill Serebrennikovin elokuva Kesä (Leto, Venäjä 2018) on tositapahtumiin perustuva, mutta silti voimakkaan fiktiivinen kuvaus Neuvostoliiton underground-rockin noususta valtavirtaan 1980-luvun alkupuolella, päähenkilöinä kaksi neuvostorockin tosielämän suurnimeä Majk Naumenko (1955–1991) ja Viktor Tsoi (1962–1990). Elokuvassa kuullaan luonnollisesti paljon musiikkia: venäläisiä ja länsimaisia 1980-luvun alun rock-hittejä sekä alkuperäisinä että uusina tulkintoina, mutta myös elokuvaa varten sävellettyä originaalimusiikkia. Kesä voitti parhaan soundtrackin palkinnon Cannesissa 2018, mutta sai Venäjällä ristiriitaisen vastaanoton.Artikkelissa keskitytään tarkastelemaan Kesän musiikinkäyttöä formalistisen lähiluvun ja rakenneanalyysin keinoin. Tarkastelun keskiössä on erityisesti elokuvamusiikin narratologia ja Claudia Gorbmanin (1987), Rick Altmanin (1987) ja Guido Heldtin (2013) määritelmät diegeettisyydestä, ei-diegeettisyydestä, supradiegeettisyydestä sekä ekstrafiktiivisyydestä. Tutkimuskysymyksenä on se, miten Kesä-elokuva käyttää neuvostoajan rockia elokuvamusiikkina ja miten tämä musiikinkäyttö ankkuroituu neuvostoelokuvien rock-musiikkikonventioihin.Kesän musiikkistrategiassa muodostuu selkeä vastakkainasettelu kotimaisen ja ulkomaisen, elävän ja nauhoitetun, sekä alkuperäisen ja uudelleentulkitun musiikin välille. Eri musiikkityylien ja kerronnan tasojen välille muodostuu elokuvassa tietynlainen säännönmukaisuus ja tehtävänjako. Se miltä kerronnan tasolta musiikin katsotaan milloinkin tulevan vaikuttaa vahvasti siihen, miten realistisena minkäkin kohtauksen voi lukea, ja tämä puolestaan sitoo elokuvan eri genreperinteisiin: realistisempi, diegeettinen musiikkiesitys ankkuroi elokuvan elämäkertaelokuvien genreen, kun taas täysin epärealistiset, supradiegeettiset musiikkiesitykset viittaavat enemmän musikaaliperinteeseen. Music and Levels of Narration in Kirill Serebrennikov’s film LetoRussian director Kirill Serebrennikov’s Leto is a film about the rise of the underground rock scene into the mainstream in early 1980s Soviet Union. The film is based on a true story and the lives of two rock legends Majk Naumenko (1955–1991) and Viktor Tsoi (1962–1990), even though it also contains plenty of highly fictitious elements. The music track features Russian and Western rock songs of the era both as original performances as well as cover versions, additionally there are also excerpts of original score. Leto won the best soundtrack award in Cannes in 2018, but it received mixed reviews in Russia.This article analyses the use of music in Leto through formalist close reading and structural analysis. The analysis relies heavily on film music narratology and in particular on Claudia Gorbman’s (1987), Rick Altman’s (1987), and Guido Heldt’s (2013) definitions of diegeticity, non-diegeticity, supradiegeticity, and extrafictivity. The research question concerns how is Soviet era rock used as film music in Leto, and how does this use relate to the rock music conventions in Soviet cinema.In the musical strategy of Leto, there arises a juxtaposition between domestic and foreign music, as well as live and recorded, and original and re-interpreted music. Furthermore, there is a structure and logic in the way the different types of music relate to the levels of narration throughout the film. The narrative level that the music is anchored to has an effect on the interpretation of individual scenes and events as realistic or unrealistic. This also anchors the film in different film genres or traditions: a more realistic, diegetic music performance is connected with traditional biopic dramas, whereas the unrealistic, supradiegetic musical performances are more closely connected with the tradition of Hollywood musicals.

Cinesonidos

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Avila
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Mexican Revolution ◽  
Film Industry ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Film Music ◽  
Sound Studies ◽  
Mexican Film ◽  
Commercial Medium ◽  
Film Genres

Cinesonidos: Film Music and National Identity During Mexico’s Época de Oro is the first book-length study concerning the function of music in the prominent genres structured by the Mexican film industry. Integrating primary source material with film music studies, sound studies, and Mexican film and cultural history, this project closely examines examples from five significant film genres that developed during the 1930s through 1950s. These genres include the prostitute melodrama, the fictional indigenista film (films on indigenous themes or topics), the cine de añoranza porfiriana (films of Porfirian nostalgia), the revolutionary melodrama, and the comedia ranchera (ranch comedy). The musics in these films helped create and accentuate the tropes and archetypes considered central to Mexican cultural nationalism. Distinct in narrative and structure, each genre exploits specific, at times contradictory, aspects of Mexicanidad—the cultural identity of the Mexican people—and, as such, employs different musics to concretize those constructions. Throughout this turbulent period, these tropes and archetypes mirrored changing perceptions of Mexicanidad manufactured by the state and popular and transnational culture. Several social and political agencies were heavily invested in creating a unified national identity to merge the previously fragmented populace owing to the Mexican Revolution (1910–ca.1920). The commercial medium of film became an important tool in acquainting a diverse urban audience with the nuances of national identity, and music played an essential and persuasive role in the process. In this heterogeneous environment, cinema and its music continuously reshaped the contested, fluctuating space of Mexican identity.

scholarly journals What do territory owners defend against?

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1849) ◽  
pp. 20162356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Hinsch ◽  
Jan Komdeur
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Territorial Conflicts ◽  
Mechanistic Approach ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Evolutionary Aspects ◽  
Modelling Approach

Theoretical research on evolutionary aspects of territoriality has a long history. Existing studies, however, differ widely in modelling approach and research question. A generalized view on the evolution of territoriality is accordingly still missing. In this review, we show that territorial conflicts can be classified into qualitatively distinct types according to what mode of access to a territory which competitor attempts to gain. We argue that many of the inconsistencies between existing studies can be traced back to the fact that, while using the same terminology, different instances of these types of conflicts have been investigated. We discuss the connections of each type of conflict to existing research within the wider area of animal conflicts. We conclude that a clear conceptual separation of different types of territorial conflicts is helpful but that a more general theory of territoriality has to account for interdependencies between them and that a more mechanistic approach to modelling territoriality is needed.

Projectile Weapons

2017 ◽  
pp. 94-117
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Different Types

The author shows some examples in order to see how justifications can be constructed, and defeated. Projectile weapons belong to many different types or categories, and in this chapter, the author considers examples of artillery and infantry weapons. He includes among the former torsion artillery developed by the Greeks over two millennia ago. This interesting example shows that weapons design has a long history. He considers the development of the modern rifle, which had its genesis in the nineteenth century, and the modern assault rifle. In all of these cases, the weapons were produced at one time and place, in one context, and came to be used in future times and places which the weapons designers could not have known about. To mention one example here, the standard German infantry rifle of both world wars first came into production in 1898 as a result of work started 25 years before. This weapon was used to murder millions of civilians, including Jews, in the Soviet Union from 1941 to 1945.

The Unit of Analysis and Variables

2015 ◽  
pp. 33-47
Keyword(s):  
Research Question ◽  
Unit Of Analysis ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Deductive Research

In this chapter, students will learn how to identify the unit of analysis of a deductive research question. In addition, the concept of variables is discussed. Three different types of variables are presented. By the end of this chapter, students will be able to identify and define the dependent, independent, and extraneous variables related to a given research question. Numerous examples are presented throughout.

5. Finding Answers: Theories and How to Apply Them

2020 ◽  
pp. 123-158
Author(s):  
Sandra Halperin ◽  
Oliver Heath
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Social Science Research ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Key Terms ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter shows how to develop an answer to a particular research question. It first considers the requirements and components of an answer to a research question before discussing the role of ‘theory’ in social science research, what a ‘theoretical framework’ is, and what a hypothesis is. It then explores the three components of a hypothesis: an independent variable, a dependent variable, and a proposition (a statement about the relationship between the variables). It also looks at the different types of hypotheses and how they guide various kinds of research. It also explains why conceptual and operational definitions of key terms are important and how they are formulated. Finally, it offers suggestions on how to answer normative questions.

Das Chamäleon-Modell als Erklärungsmuster für die Organisationsstrukturen von Unternehmerfamilien

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rena Haftlmeier-Seiffert ◽  
Sven Cravotta
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Family Business ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Multiple Case Study ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
Family Organization ◽  
The Family ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Multiple Case

Zusammenfassung Offensichtlich sind es die Unternehmerfamilien, die ihrem Familienunternehmen eine besondere wirtschaftliche Stabilität verleihen. Dies ist allerdings nur möglich, wenn sie sicherstellen, dass sie stets handlungs- und entscheidungsfähig sind. Die hier verfolgte Forschungsfrage lautet deshalb: Wie organisieren Unternehmerfamilien ihre Entscheidungsfähigkeit? Das Chamäleon-Modell zeigt, dass bei Unternehmerfamilien verschiedene Organisationsformen latent vorhanden sind. Diese werden flexibel eingesetzt, je nachdem, was zielführend ist, um schnell zu tragfähigen Entscheidungen zu gelangen. D.h. die Unternehmerfamilienorganisation wechselt also ihre explizite Organisationsform wie ein Chamäleon die Farbe. Das Chamäleon-Modell wurde aus einer multiplen Fallstudie entwickelt, bei der vier traditionsreiche Unternehmerfamilien intensiv untersucht wurden. Abstract Apparently, it is the family that grants outstanding economic stability to the family business. However, this is only possible, if the family ensures to be always capable of acting and of making decisions. This leads us to the following research question: How do entrepreneurial families organize their decision-making ability? The Chameleon Model shows, that there are different types of organization latent available for entrepreneurial families. These are used flexibly, depending on what is leading to quick and stable decisions. That is to say, the entrepreneurial family organization changes the explicit organization form like a chameleon the colour. The Chameleon Model was developed from a multiple case study, analyzing four traditional entrepreneurial families in depth.

scholarly journals Identifying building obsolescence: towards increasing buildings' service life

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 635-652
Author(s):  
Mohammad Pourebrahimi ◽  
Seyed Rahman Eghbali ◽  
Ana Pereira Roders
Keyword(s):  
Service Life ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Effective Prevention Strategies ◽  
Relevant Factors ◽  
New Framework

PurposeObsolescence is a decline or loss of utility of an object, building or product. Different types of building obsolescence decrease buildings’ utility and shorten their service life. The purpose of this paper is identification of building obsolescence types and the relevant factors that affect buildings to become obsolete. It is also intended to categorise building obsolescence types to provide a contribution towards increasing building service life and delivering sustainability.Design/methodology/approachA systematic literature review is applied to conduct this research. It follows five steps: (1) formulating the research question; (2) locating studies; (3) selecting and evaluating relevant studies; (4) analysing the findings; (5) reporting and making use of the results.FindingsVia this study, it is revealed that there are 33 types of building obsolescence. They are clustered in 10 categories regarding their conceptual and causing aspects and are presented based on their recurrence in the literature. According to the findings, economic obsolescence (including economic, financial and market obsolescence types) and functional obsolescence (including functional, use and utility obsolescence types) are the most remarkable categories.Originality/valueInvestigating the literature makes it clear that building obsolescence types have been studied intermittently with infrequent profound exploration of the relationship between them. This paper presents a comprehensive identification of building obsolescence types and introduces obsolescence categories that classify connected obsolescence types. It is a new framework for further studies on building obsolescence to find more effective prevention strategies to mitigate social, economic and environmental consequences of building obsolescence.

scholarly journals LIS Practitioner-focused Research Trends Toward Open Access Journals, Academic-focused Research Toward Traditional Journals

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Hayman
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
English Language ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Library And Information Science ◽  
Journal Citation Reports ◽  
Open Access Journals ◽  
Different Types

A Review of: Chang, Y-W. (2017). Comparative study of characteristics of authors between open access and non-open access journals in library and information science. Library & Information Science Research, 39(1), 8-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2017.01.002   Abstract  Objective – To examine the occupational characteristics and publication habits of library and information science (LIS) authors regarding traditional journals and open access journals. Design – Content analysis. Setting – English language research articles published in open access (OA) journals and non-open access (non-OA) journals from 2008 to 2013 that are indexed in LIS databases. Subjects – The authorship characteristics for 3,472 peer-reviewed articles. Methods – This researcher identified 33 total journals meeting the inclusion criteria by using the LIS categories within 2012 Journal Citation Reports (JCR) to find 13 appropriate non-OA journals, and within the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) to identify 20 appropriate OA journals. They found 1,665 articles by 3,186 authors published in the non-OA journals, and another 1,807 articles by 3,446 authors within the OA journals. The researcher used author affiliation to determine article authors’ occupations using information included in the articles themselves or by looking for information on the Internet, and excluded articles when occupational information could not be located. Authors were categorized into four occupational categories: Librarians (practitioners), Academics (faculty and researchers), Students (graduate or undergraduate), and Others. Using these categories, the author identified 10 different types of collaborations for co-authored articles. Main Results – This research involves three primary research questions. The first examined the occupational differences between authors publishing in OA journals versus non-OA journals. Academics (faculty and researchers) more commonly published in non-OA journals (58.1%) compared to OA journals (35.6%). The inverse was true for librarian practitioners, who were more likely to publish in OA journals (53.9%) compared to non-OA journals (25.5%). Student authors, a combined category that included both graduate and undergraduate students, published more in non-OA journals (10.1%) versus in OA journals (5.0%). The final category of “other” saw only a slight difference between non-OA (6.3%) and OA (5.5%) publication venues. This second research question explored the difference in the proportion of LIS authors who published in OA and non-OA journals. Overall, authors were more likely to publish in OA journals (72.4%) vs. non-OA (64.3%). Librarians tended to be primary authors in OA journals, while LIS academics tend to be primary authors for articles in non-OA publications. Academics from outside the LIS discipline but contributing to the disciplinary literature were more likely to publish in non-OA journals. Regarding trends over time, this research showed a decrease in the percentage of librarian practitioners and “other” authors publishing in OA journals, while academics and students increased their OA contributions rates during the same period.  Finally, the research explored whether authors formed different types of collaborations when publishing in OA journals as compared to non-OA journals. When examining co-authorship of articles, just over half of all articles published in OA journals (54.4%) and non-OA journals (53.2%) were co-authored. Overall the researcher identified 10 types of collaborative relationships and examined the rates for publishing in OA versus non-OA journals for these relationships. OA journals saw three main relationships, with high levels of collaborations between practitioner librarians (38.6% of collaborations), between librarians and academics (20.5%), and between academics only (18.0%). Non-OA journals saw four main relationships, with collaborations between academics appearing most often (34.1%), along with academic-student collaborations (21.5%), practitioner librarian collaborations (15.5%), and librarian-academic collaborations (13.2%). Conclusion – LIS practitioner-focused research tends to appear more often in open access journals, while academic-focused researcher tends to appear more often in non-OA journals. These trends also appear in research collaborations, with co-authored works involving librarians appearing more often in OA journals, and collaborations that include academics more likely to appear in non-OA journals.

The Effect of Preference for Three Different Types of Music on Magnitude Estimation-Scaling Behavior in Young Adults

1996 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 339-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Zaums ◽  
Donald Fucci ◽  
Molly Banks ◽  
Linda Petrosino ◽  
Corry Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Rock Music ◽  
Classical Music ◽  
Music Analysis ◽  
Scaling Behavior ◽  
Random Series ◽  
Big Band ◽  
Band Music ◽  
Different Types

The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of preference for three different types of music on magnitude estimation-scaling behavior in young adults. Three groups of college students, 10 who liked rock music, 10 who liked big band music, and 10 who liked classical music were tested. Subjects were instructed to assign numerical values to a random series of nine suprathreshold intensity levels of 10-sec. samples of rock music, big band music, and classical music. Analysis indicated that subjects who liked rock music scaled that stimulus differently from those subjects who liked big band and classical music. Subjects who liked big band music scaled that stimulus differently from those subjects who liked rock music and classical music. All subjects scaled classical music similarly regardless of their musical preferences. Results are discussed in reference to the literature concerned with personality and preference as well as spectrographic analyses of the three different types of music used in this study.

12. Interviewing and Focus Groups

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Halperin ◽  
Oliver Heath
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Interview Data ◽  
Successful Outcome ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Popular Method ◽  
Political Research ◽  
Interviewing Skills ◽  
Different Types

This chapter considers different types and forms of interviewing, including focus groups, and how they should be conducted. Interviews are a popular method of data collection in political research. They share similarities with surveys, but these similarities relate mostly to structured interviews. The chapter focuses on semi-structured interviews, including focus groups, the emphasis of which is to get the interviewee to open up and discuss something of relevance to the research question. After describing the different types and forms of interview, the chapter explains how interview data can be used to confirm or disconfirm a hypothesis or argument. It also shows how to plan and carry out an interview and how the type and wording of questions, as well as the order in which they are asked, affect the responses you get. Finally, it examines the interviewing skills that will ensure a more successful outcome to an interview.

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