scholarly journals The Subjunctive Mood in Giryama and Tanzanian Nyanja

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 99-118
Author(s):  
Nancy Jumwa Ngowa ◽  
Deo S. Ngonyani
Keyword(s):  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Bantu Languages ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Complement Clauses ◽  
Adverbial Clauses ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Presupposition Triggers

This paper presents a study of the Subjunctive in the Bantu languages of Giryama in Kenya (E72a) and Nyanja in Tanzania (N201), and explores its distribution in the two languages. As in other Bantu languages, the Subjunctive is a morphological feature characterized by a verbal suffix -e, an obligatory subject marker, and the absence of tense. Syntactically, the Subjunctive appears in independent clauses, as well as dependent clauses with a certain class of predicates and adverbial subordinators. Independent clauses that may carry the Subjunctive are those that express exhortations or suggestions, and sentences marked with the future tense. Dependent clauses with Subjunctive verbs include: (a) complement clauses containing directive, volitional, and causative verbs, and (b) adverbial clauses such as clauses of purpose. Studies of the subjunctive have often associated its semantic distribution with irrealis, in contrast with the Indicative, which is associated with realis or assertion. We present evidence showing that the irrealis reading may sometimes appear to be absent. We argue that irrealis may not be a necessary and sufficient condition for the Subjunctive. However, the onstructions that give irrealis readings provide the best exemplars of Subjunctives in these two languages. Independent clause Subjunctives are shown to be clearly non-factive. Matrix verbs that take subjunctive complements are described as presupposition triggers of events that are non-factive relative to the matrix event.

scholarly journals On Solutions of the Matrix Equation A ∘ l X  = B with respect to M M -2 Semitensor Product

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Jin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Equation ◽  
Matrix Multiplication ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Mathematical Tool ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

M M -2 semitensor product is a new and very useful mathematical tool, which breaks the limitation of traditional matrix multiplication on the dimension of matrices and has a wide application prospect. This article aims to investigate the solutions of the matrix equation A ° l X = B with respect to M M -2 semitensor product. The case where the solutions of the equation are vectors is discussed first. Compatible conditions of matrices and the necessary and sufficient condition for the solvability is studied successively. Furthermore, concrete methods of solving the equation are provided. Then, the case where the solutions of the equation are matrices is studied in a similar way. Finally, several examples are given to illustrate the efficiency of the results.

Orthonormal Isotropic Vector Bases

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Namik Ciblak ◽  
Harvey Lipkin
Keyword(s):  
Recursive Algorithm ◽  
Computer Applications ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽  
Orthonormal Bases ◽  
Isotropic Vector ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Deviatoric Stresses ◽  
Isotropic Vectors

Abstract Orthonormal bases of isotropic vectors for indefinite square matrices are proposed and solved. A necessary and sufficient condition is that the matrix must have zero trace. A recursive algorithm is presented for computer applications. The isotropic vectors of 3 × 3 matrices are solved explicitly. Deviatoric stresses in continuum mechanics, the existence of isotropic vectors (particularly in screw space), and stiffness synthesis by springs are shown to be related to the isotropic vector problem.

Finding Cut-Edges and the Minimum Spanning Tree via Semi-Tensor Product Approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 459-472
Author(s):  
Xujiao Fan ◽  
Yong Xu ◽  
Xue Su ◽  
Jinhuan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Tensor Product ◽  
Spanning Tree ◽  
Minimum Spanning Tree ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Product Approach ◽  
Matrix Expression ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Logical Functions

Abstract Using the semi-tensor product of matrices, this paper investigates cycles of graphs with application to cut-edges and the minimum spanning tree, and presents a number of new results and algorithms. Firstly, by defining a characteristic logical vector and using the matrix expression of logical functions, an algebraic description is obtained for cycles of graph, based on which a new necessary and sufficient condition is established to find all cycles for any graph. Secondly, using the necessary and sufficient condition of cycles, two algorithms are established to find all cut-edges and the minimum spanning tree, respectively. Finally, the study of an illustrative example shows that the results/algorithms presented in this paper are effective.

Matrix representation of formal polynomials over max-plus algebra

2020 ◽  
pp. 2150216
Author(s):  
Cailu Wang ◽  
Yuegang Tao
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Method ◽  
Polynomial Algorithm ◽  
Polynomial Function ◽  
Matrix Representation ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Polynomial Functions ◽  
Canonical Forms ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

This paper proposes the matrix representation of formal polynomials over max-plus algebra and obtains the maximum and minimum canonical forms of a polynomial function by standardizing this representation into a canonical form. A necessary and sufficient condition for two formal polynomials corresponding to the same polynomial function is derived. Such a matrix method is constructive and intuitive, and leads to a polynomial algorithm for factorization of polynomial functions. Some illustrative examples are presented to demonstrate the results.

On generalized inverses of matrices

1966 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Pearl
Keyword(s):  
Generalized Inverse ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Maximal Rank ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽  
The Real ◽  
Finite Dimensional ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Generalized Inverses Of Matrices ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

The notion of the inverse of a matrix with entries from the real or complex fields was generalized by Moore (6, 7) in 1920 to include all rectangular (finite dimensional) matrices. In 1951, Bjerhammar (2, 3) rediscovered the generalized inverse for rectangular matrices of maximal rank. In 1955, Penrose (8, 9) independently rediscovered the generalized inverse for arbitrary real or complex rectangular matrices. Recently, Arghiriade (1) has given a set of necessary and sufficient conditions that a matrix commute with its generalized inverse. These conditions involve the existence of certain submatrices and can be expressed using the notion of EPr matrices introduced in 1950 by Schwerdtfeger (10). The main purpose of this paper is to prove the following theorem:Theorem 2. A necessary and sufficient condition that the generalized inverse of the matrix A (denoted by A+) commute with A is that A+ can be expressed as a polynomial in A with scalar coefficients.

Matrix Transformations Based on Dirichlet Convolution

1997 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-508
Author(s):  
Chikkanna Selvaraj ◽  
Suguna Selvaraj
Keyword(s):  
Bounded Variation ◽  
Matrix Transformations ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽  
Summability Methods ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Dirichlet Convolution ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Positive Integers

AbstractThis paper is a study of summability methods that are based on Dirichlet convolution. If f(n) is a function on positive integers and x is a sequence such that then x is said to be Af-summable to L. The necessary and sufficient condition for the matrix Af to preserve bounded variation of sequences is established. Also, the matrix Af is investigated as ℓ − ℓ and G − G mappings. The strength of the Af-matrix is also discussed.

The Structure and Distribution of Roots of 2×2 Matrices

2013 ◽  
Vol 765-767 ◽  
pp. 667-669
Author(s):  
Yuan Yuan Li
Keyword(s):  
Infinitely Many Solutions ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Singular Matrix ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽  
Number Of Solutions ◽  
Jordan Canonical Form ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Explicit Formulae ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Distribution Of Roots

This paper is concerned with Jordan canonical form theorem of algebraic formulae giving all the solutions of the matrix equation Xm= A where n is a positive integer greater than 2 and A is a 2 × 2 matrix with real or complex elements. If A is a 2 × 2 non-singular matrix, the equation Xm = A has infinitely many solutions and we obtain explicit formulae giving all the solutions. If A is a 2 × 2 singular matrix, and we obtained necessary and sufficient condition of square root . This leads to very simple formulae for all the solutions when A is either a singular matrix or a non-singular matrix with two coincident eigenvalues. We also determine the precise number of solutions in various cases.

scholarly journals On Efficient Constructions of Lightweight MDS Matrices

2018 ◽  
pp. 180-200
Author(s):  
Lijing Zhou ◽  
Licheng Wang ◽  
Yiru Sun
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Polynomial ◽  
Hadamard Matrix ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽  
Mds Matrix ◽  
Residue Ring ◽  
Maximum Distance Separable ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Binary Matrices ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

The paper investigates the maximum distance separable (MDS) matrix over the matrix polynomial residue ring. Firstly, by analyzing the minimal polynomials of binary matrices with 1 XOR count and element-matrices with few XOR counts, we present an efficient method for constructing MDS matrices with as few XOR counts as possible. Comparing with previous constructions, our corresponding constructions only cost 1 minute 27 seconds to 7 minutes, while previous constructions cost 3 days to 4 weeks. Secondly, we discuss the existence of several types of involutory MDS matrices and propose an efficient necessary-and-sufficient condition for identifying a Hadamard matrix being involutory. According to the condition, each involutory Hadamard matrix over a polynomial residue ring can be accurately and efficiently searched. Furthermore, we devise an efficient algorithm for constructing involutory Hadamard MDS matrices with as few XOR counts as possible. We obtain many new involutory Hadamard MDS matrices with much fewer XOR counts than optimal results reported before.

Representations and sign pattern of the group inverse for some block matrices

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 744-759
Author(s):  
Lizhu Sun ◽  
Wenzhe Wang ◽  
Changjiang Bu ◽  
Yimin Wei ◽  
Baodong Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Block Matrix ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Group Inverse ◽  
Real Matrix ◽  
Sign Pattern ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽  
Block Matrices ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Inverse Representation

Let $M= \left[ \begin{array}{cc} A& B \\ C& O \end{array} \right]$ be a complex square matrix where A is square. When BCB^{\Omega} =0, rank(BC) = rank(B) and the group inverse of $\left[ \begin{array}{cc} B^{\Omega} A B^{\Omega} & 0 \\ CB^{\Omega} & 0 \right]$ exists, the group inverse of M exists if and only if rank(BC + A)B^{\Omega}AB^{\Omega})^{\pi}B^{\Omega}A)= rank(B). In this case, a representation of $M^#$ in terms of the group inverse and Moore-Penrose inverse of its subblocks is given. Let A be a real matrix. The sign pattern of A is a (0,+,−)-matrix obtained from A by replacing each entry by its sign. The qualitative class of A is the set of the matrices with the same sign pattern as A, denoted by Q(A). The matrix A is called S^2GI, if the group inverse of each matrix \bar{A} in Q(A) exists and its sign pattern is independent of e A. By using the group inverse representation, a necessary and sufficient condition for a real block matrix to be an S^2GI-matrix is given.

scholarly journals Parametrized solutions $X$ of the system $AXA = AY A$ and $A^k Y AX = XAY A^k$

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 503-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Ferreyra ◽  
Marina Lattanzi ◽  
Fabián Levis ◽  
Néstor Thome
Keyword(s):  
General Solution ◽  
Matrix Equation ◽  
Equation System ◽  
Drazin Inverse ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽  
Complex Matrices ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Parametrized Solutions

Let A and E be n × n given complex matrices. This paper provides a necessary and sufficient condition for the solvability to the matrix equation system given by AXA = AEA and AkEAX = XAEAk, for k being the index of A. In addition, its general solution is derived in terms of a G-Drazin inverse of A. As consequences, new representations are obtained for the set of all G-Drazin inverses; some interesting applications are also derived to show the importance of the obtained formulas.

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