scholarly journals Comprehensive model for predicting the fuel consumption in various harvesting methods of grass silage

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tapani Jokiniemi ◽  
Hannu Mikkola ◽  
Mikko Hakojärvi ◽  
Laura Alakukku
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Calculation Model ◽  
Comprehensive Model ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Yield Level ◽  
Transportation Distance ◽  
Forage Harvester

Fuel consumption of various forage harvesting methods was assessed with a theoretical calculation model, which was validated with field measurements. The examined harvesting methods were tractor-powered forage harvester (TPFH), self-propelled forage harvester (SPFH), self-loading forage wagon (SLFW), and combined baling and wrapping (CBW). The results from the field measurements indicated that the model was working either well or satisfactorily with the examined methods, apart from the CBW method, which would require redefining the model coefficients. Model sensitivity analysis indicated that variables such as yield level, working width, and transportation distance have a significant effect on fuel consumption. When the working width was increased from 3 m to 9 m, the fuel consumption of the examined methods decreased ca. 54–61%. Increasing the working width by windrowing was found recommended for all examined methods. In all, the most energy-efficient method was SLFW, but it was also most sensitive to transportation distance. With a transportation distance of 10 km, the fuel consumption of the SLFW method was already 9–11 % higher compared to that of TPFH and SPFH methods. The strong effect of these variables may cause a wide variation in the fuel consumption of the examined methods, but the model can be used to standardize this effect. The results from this study can thus be used for approximate estimations of average fuel consumption of the examined forage harvesting methods.

The effect of biological additives on the composition and nutritive value of silage

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 139-139
Author(s):  
M Gonzalez Yanez ◽  
R Mcginn ◽  
D H Anderson ◽  
A R Henderson ◽  
P Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Enzyme System ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Forage Harvester

It Is claimed that the use of the correct enzyme system as an additive on grass silage will satisfactorily control the fermentation and reduce the cell-wall fibre content, thus preserving the nutrients In the silage and aiding their utilisation by the animal (Henderson and McDonald, 1977; Huhtanen et al, 1985; Raurama et al, 1987; Chamberlain and Robertson, 1989; Gordon, 1989;).The aim of the present experiment was to assess the effect of biological additives, enzymes or a combination of enzymes with an Inoculum of lactic acid bacteria, on the composition of silage and on its nutritive value when offered to store lambs as the sole constituent of their diet.On 1st June 1988, first cut perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L) at pre-ear emergence was ensiled direct cut untreated (U), treated with a commercial enzyme (E) or with a commercial inoculum of lactic acid bacteria with enzymes (I) in 6t capacity bunker silos. The grass was cut with a mower and lifted with a New Holland precision chop forage harvester. The additives were pumped onto the grass using a dribble bar sited over the pick-up drum.

scholarly journals Biomass burning fuel consumption dynamics in the tropics and subtropics assessed from satellite

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 3717-3734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels Andela ◽  
Guido R. van der Werf ◽  
Johannes W. Kaiser ◽  
Thijs T. van Leeuwen ◽  
Martin J. Wooster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Return Periods ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
In Fire ◽  
Consumption Dynamics

Abstract. Landscape fires occur on a large scale in (sub)tropical savannas and grasslands, affecting ecosystem dynamics, regional air quality and concentrations of atmospheric trace gasses. Fuel consumption per unit of area burned is an important but poorly constrained parameter in fire emission modelling. We combined satellite-derived burned area with fire radiative power (FRP) data to derive fuel consumption estimates for land cover types with low tree cover in South America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Australia. We developed a new approach to estimate fuel consumption, based on FRP data from the polar-orbiting Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the geostationary Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) in combination with MODIS burned-area estimates. The fuel consumption estimates based on the geostationary and polar-orbiting instruments showed good agreement in terms of spatial patterns. We used field measurements of fuel consumption to constrain our results, but the large variation in fuel consumption in both space and time complicated this comparison and absolute fuel consumption estimates remained more uncertain. Spatial patterns in fuel consumption could be partly explained by vegetation productivity and fire return periods. In South America, most fires occurred in savannas with relatively long fire return periods, resulting in comparatively high fuel consumption as opposed to the more frequently burning savannas in Sub-Saharan Africa. Strikingly, we found the infrequently burning interior of Australia to have higher fuel consumption than the more productive but frequently burning savannas in northern Australia. Vegetation type also played an important role in explaining the distribution of fuel consumption, by affecting both fuel build-up rates and fire return periods. Hummock grasslands, which were responsible for a large share of Australian biomass burning, showed larger fuel build-up rates than equally productive grasslands in Africa, although this effect might have been partially driven by the presence of grazers in Africa or differences in landscape management. Finally, land management in the form of deforestation and agriculture also considerably affected fuel consumption regionally. We conclude that combining FRP and burned-area estimates, calibrated against field measurements, is a promising approach in deriving quantitative estimates of fuel consumption. Satellite-derived fuel consumption estimates may both challenge our current understanding of spatiotemporal fuel consumption dynamics and serve as reference datasets to improve biogeochemical modelling approaches. Future field studies especially designed to validate satellite-based products, or airborne remote sensing, may further improve confidence in the absolute fuel consumption estimates which are quickly becoming the weakest link in fire emission estimates.

Influence of Partial Admission on the Downstream Stages of a Reaction Turbine: An Analytical Approach Verified by Measurements

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Beer ◽  
Peter Hirsch
Keyword(s):  
Radial Direction ◽  
Averaging Method ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Calculation Model ◽  
Steam Turbines ◽  
Partial Admission ◽  
Control Wheel ◽  
Unsteady Effects ◽  
Inflow Conditions

Field measurements on an industrial steam turbine with a rated power output of 5.8 MW, consisting of an impulse type control wheel and a reaction part, showed a significant gap of efficiency from the design calulations. It was suspected, that this gap results from underestimation of the loss created by non-uniform inflow conditions to the reaction part due to partial admission. The experimental results and data of experiments done in the 1990s are therefore recalculated to find possible explanations. It turns out, that probably the data considered for verifcation is not complete. When taking the complete data into account, and using an averaging method, the verification calculations show, that the models used for design and recalculation of industrial steam turbines are accurate enough for industrial purposes, but a calculation model for efficiency loss due to partial admission has to be added. In this work non-uniformity between the flow passages was not observed for the test turbine. Non-uniformity of the flow in radial direction was observed for the test turbine, but was not taken into consideration here, as the whole rotor was treated integrally. Flow seperations as unsteady effects were not considered, as a steady-state investigation was conducted. The calculation models are verified by comparison with field measurement data from industrial steam turbines, by comparison with the results of a 9 MW steam driven test turbine and by recalculated results from literature. Not all verification calculations are presented in detail here.

scholarly journals DISPLACEMENT MONITORING AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS IN THE OBSERVATIONAL METHOD

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 25-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Górska ◽  
Zbigniew Muszyński ◽  
Jarosław Rybak
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Cohesive Soil ◽  
Calculation Model ◽  
Observational Method ◽  
Deep Excavation ◽  
Sheet Pile ◽  
Displacement Monitoring ◽  
Excavation Support ◽  
Construction Works

Abstract This work discusses the fundamentals of designing deep excavation support by means of observational method. The effective tools for optimum designing with the use of the observational method are both inclinometric and geodetic monitoring, which provide data for the systematically updated calibration of the numerical computational model. The analysis included methods for selecting data for the design (by choosing the basic random variables), as well as methods for an on-going verification of the results of numeric calculations (e.g., MES) by way of measuring the structure displacement using geodetic and inclinometric techniques. The presented example shows the sensitivity analysis of the calculation model for a cantilever wall in non-cohesive soil; that analysis makes it possible to select the data to be later subject to calibration. The paper presents the results of measurements of a sheet pile wall displacement, carried out by means of inclinometric method and, simultaneously, two geodetic methods, successively with the deepening of the excavation. This work includes also critical comments regarding the usefulness of the obtained data, as well as practical aspects of taking measurement in the conditions of on-going construction works.

Urea treated whole crop wheat for dairy cattle

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 113-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.Hill ◽  
J.D. Leaver
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Nitrogen Status ◽  
Urea Treatment ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Forage Harvester ◽  
Dough Stage

Urea treated Whole Crop Wheat (WCW) provides a stable, alkaline high DM forage, which is a potential replacement for, or complement to grass silage. Harvesting at about 600 g DM/kg facilitates both optimum crop DM production and energy concentration within the crop. Urea treatment (40 kg/t DM) at harvest prevents fermentation during storage, and may increase the crop digestibility. The nitrogen status of the forage as ammonia is also increased. The aim of these experiments was to investigate the feeding value of WCW for dairy cattle, when offered as the sole basal feed.A spring wheat crop (var. Axona) was cut at about 600 .g DM/kg (hard dough stage), chopped using a conventional forage harvester and stored in an outdoor clamp silo. Urea was added at 40 kg/t DM during harvesting. After rolling, the clamp was sheeted with polythene for 125 days until feed out.

scholarly journals Sensitivity analysis of fire resistance of a composite floor slab

2018 ◽  
Vol 174 ◽  
pp. 01019
Author(s):  
Joanna Kaliszuk ◽  
Elżbieta Grochowska
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Simple Calculation ◽  
Calculation Model ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Composite Slab ◽  
Standard Temperature ◽  
Supporting Structure ◽  
Bending Resistance ◽  
Temperature Time

The paper presents a sensitivity analysis of design bending resistance of a composite slab rib in a fire situation to a change of the value of basic variables. The analysis was carried out for a composite slab being an element of a supporting structure of a reinforced floor referred to in [1, 2]. The calculations were made for a simple calculation model and the standard temperature-time curve according to [6, 7]. The set of basic variables was limited to X1 = {(y, z), h1, fy,a, fy,s, fc}.

Design Optimization Method for Composite Components Based on Moment Reliability-Sensitivity Criteria

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhigang Sun ◽  
Changxi Wang ◽  
Xuming Niu ◽  
Yingdong Song
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Design Optimization ◽  
Reliability Analysis ◽  
Efficient Method ◽  
Ceramic Matrix Composites ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Calculation Model ◽  
Arbitrary Distribution ◽  
Engineering Practice ◽  
Reliability Sensitivity

AbstractIn this paper, a Reliability-Sensitivity Based Design Optimization (RSBDO) methodology for the design of the ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) components has been proposed. A practical and efficient method for reliability analysis and sensitivity analysis of complex components with arbitrary distribution parameters are investigated by using the perturbation method, the respond surface method, the Edgeworth series and the sensitivity analysis approach. The RSBDO methodology is then established by incorporating sensitivity calculation model into RBDO methodology. Finally, the proposed RSBDO methodology is applied to the design of the CMCs components. By comparing with Monte Carlo simulation, the numerical results demonstrate that the proposed methodology provides an accurate, convergent and computationally efficient method for reliability-analysis based finite element modeling engineering practice.

scholarly journals Biomass burning fuel consumption dynamics in the (sub)tropics assessed from satellite

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Andela ◽  
G. R. van der Werf ◽  
J. W. Kaiser ◽  
T. T. van Leeuwen ◽  
M. J. Wooster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Return Periods ◽  
In Fire ◽  
Consumption Dynamics

Abstract. Landscape fires occur on a large scale in (sub)tropical savannas and grasslands, affecting ecosystem dynamics, regional air quality and concentrations of atmospheric trace gasses. Fuel consumption per unit of area burned is an important but poorly constrained parameter in fire emission modelling. We combined satellite-derived burned area with fire radiative power (FRP) data to derive fuel consumption estimates for land cover types with low tree cover in South America, SubSaharan Africa, and Australia. We developed a new approach to estimate fuel consumption, based on FRP data from the polar orbiting MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the geostationary Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) in combination with MODIS burned area estimates. The fuel consumption estimates based on the geostationary and polar orbiting instruments showed good agreement in terms of spatial patterns, but absolute fuel consumption estimates remained more uncertain. Fuel consumption varies considerably in space and time, complicating the comparison of various approaches and using field measurements to constrain our results. Spatial patterns in fuel consumption could be partly explained by vegetation productivity and fire return periods. In South America, most fires occurred in savannas with relatively long fire return periods, resulting in comparatively high fuel consumption as opposed to the more frequently burning savannas in Sub-Saharan Africa. Strikingly, we found the infrequently burning interior of Australia having higher fuel consumption than the more productive but frequently burning savannas in northern Australia. Vegetation type also played an important role in explaining the distribution of fuel consumption, both by affecting fuel build up rates and fire return periods. Hummock grasslands, which were responsible for a large share of Australian biomass burning, showed larger fuel build up rates than equally productive grasslands in Africa, although this effect might have been partially driven by the presence of grazers in Africa. Finally, land management in the form of deforestation and agriculture also considerably affected fuel consumption regionally. We conclude that combining FRP and burned area estimates, calibrated against field measurements, is a promising approach in deriving quantitative estimates of fuel consumption. Satellite derived fuel consumption estimates may both challenge our current understanding of spatiotemporal fuel consumption dynamics and serve as reference datasets to improve biogeochemical modelling approaches. Future field studies especially designed to validate satellite-based products, or airborne remote sensing, may further improve confidence in the absolute fuel consumption estimates which are quickly becoming the weakest link in fire emissions estimates.

Saving Energy With Brick, Refractory, Insulation and Lagging

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary J. Bases
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Energy Industry ◽  
Saving Energy ◽  
Plant Operation ◽  
Save Energy

For the refuse-to-energy industry, “Saving Energy with Brick, Refractory, Insulation and Lagging (BRIL)” is as simply as understanding it’s refuse boiler. A refuse-fired boiler has many components to make it do what it is supposed to do. BRIL is a key component of the boiler just as important as the tubes that carry the water &/or steam, the soot blowers that keep the unit free of fly ash or dust, the burners that burn the fuel efficiently, the economizers that recover heat and pre-heat the water, and many more such systems found on, in and around the boiler. They all help keep the boiler operating thermally and energy efficient. Proper BRIL material selection and installation can have an energy savings of 5–7% per year in fuel consumption. That is why experts say, “brick, refractory, insulation, and lagging (BRIL) installed to save energy, saves money at a rate that is essential for efficient plant operation.”

Detailed Study on the Behavior of Ships in Very Short Waves

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saori Yokota ◽  
Mariko Kuroda ◽  
Ryohei Fukasawa ◽  
Hiroki Ohba ◽  
Masaru Tsujimoto
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Added Resistance ◽  
Regular Waves ◽  
Short Waves ◽  
Added Resistance In Waves ◽  
Tank Test ◽  
Ship Performance ◽  
Ship Operation ◽  
Actual Seas

Abstract Considering the sea conditions in which a large ship encountered in operation, the ship’s behavior in very short waves is important. However, the evaluation of the ship performance in very short waves was not enough validated by tank tests. Because it is difficult to generate waves with enough accuracy due to the performance of the wave generator. In this paper, it is shown that tank tests of added resistance in the regular waves including the very short waves are conducted in the Actual Sea Model Basin at National Maritime Research Institute, MPAT for DTC container ship and accurate results are obtained. The test results are compared with the benchmarks published by SHOPERA (Energy Efficient Safe SHip OPERAtion). In addition, three curves of the added resistance in the regular waves based on the results of the tank test are compared and the sensitivity analysis of energy efficiency is discussed. In the sensitivity analysis, the performance simulator for ships in actual seas (VESTA) is used, and a comparison is carried out for the fuel consumption calculated from the frequency response of each added resistance in waves. As a result, it is found that the tendency in added resistance in very short waves affects the fuel consumption and the decrease of ship speed.

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