scholarly journals Grain quality and N uptake of spring cereals as affected by nitrogen fertilization in northern conditions: a meta-analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Valkama ◽  
Tapio Salo ◽  
Martti Esala ◽  
Eila Turtola
Keyword(s):  
Grain Quality ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Acidic Soils ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Spring Cereals ◽  
N Rates

We reviewed quantitatively 40 Finnish field experiments related to the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on the main parameters of grain quality and N uptake of spring cereals. The experiments were conducted on a wide range of mineral soils under varying growth conditions from the 1950s to the 1990s. Overall there was no statistically significant effect on 1000 grain weight and a slightly negative effect on grain test weight. Nitrogen fertilizer increased N uptake much more steeply in slightly acidic soils (SA, pH 5.8–6.9), located mostly in South Finland, than in moderately acidic soils (MA, pH 5.0–5.7), located in Central Finland. With increasing N rates, protein content increased to a larger extent in spring barley and oats than in spring wheat. In the light of the current trend to reduce N fertilizerapplication, the obtained regressions between N rates and the parameters of grain quality may be used to maintain yield quality at a desirable level, while optimizing N management.

Band sowing with hoeing in organic grains: I. Comparisons with alternative weed management practices in spring barley

Weed Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret R. McCollough ◽  
Eric R. Gallandt ◽  
Heather M. Darby ◽  
Thomas Molloy
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Standard Practice ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Adverse Weather

AbstractWeeds remain the foremost production challenge for organic small grain farmers in the northeastern United States. Instead of crops sown in narrow, single-line rows, band sowing offers a more uniform spatial arrangement of the crop, maximizing interspecific while reducing intraspecific competition. Weeds in the inter-band zone are controlled by cultivating with aggressive sweeps; tine harrowing can target weeds in both intra- and inter-band zones. Field experiments in Maine and Vermont in 2016 and 2017 evaluated band sowing for improved weed control, crop yield, and grain quality in organic spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ‘Newdale’). Specifically, we compared: (1) the standard practice of sowing 16.5-cm rows at a target crop density of 325 plants m−2, (2) narrow-row sowing with increased crop density, (3) wide-row sowing with interrow hoeing, and (4) band sowing both with and (5) without inter-band hoeing. Mustard (Sinapis alba L. ‘Ida Gold’) was planted throughout the experiment as a surrogate weed. Compared with the standard practice, band sowing with hoeing reduced surrogate weed density on average by 45% across site-years. However, effects on weed biomass and yield were inconsistent, perhaps due to suboptimal timing of hoeing and adverse weather conditions. In 1 out of 4 site-years, band sowing with hoeing reduced surrogate weed biomass by 67% and increased crop yield compared with the standard treatment. Results also indicate that band sowing with hoeing may improve 1,000-kernel weight and plump kernel grain-quality parameters.

Triticale out-performs wheat on range of UK soils with a similar nitrogen requirement

2016 ◽  
Vol 155 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. ROQUES ◽  
D. R. KINDRED ◽  
S. CLARKE
Keyword(s):  
Harvest Index ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Uk ◽  
N Rates

SUMMARYTriticale has a reputation for performing well on poor soils, under drought and with reduced inputs, but there has been little investigation of its performance on the better yielding soils dominated by wheat production. The present paper reports 16 field experiments comparing wheat and triticale yield responses to nitrogen (N) fertilizer on high-yielding soils in the UK in harvest years 2009–2014. Each experiment included at least two wheat and at least two triticale varieties, grown at five or six N fertilizer rates from 0 to at least 260 kg N/ha. Linear plus exponential curves were fitted to describe the yield response to N and to calculate economically optimal N rates. Normal type curves with depletion were used to describe protein responses to N. Whole crop samples from selected treatments were taken prior to harvest to measure crop biomass, harvest index, crop N content and yield components. At commercial N rates, mean triticale yield was higher than the mean wheat yield at 13 out of 16 sites; the mean yield advantage of triticale was 0·53 t/ha in the first cereal position and 1·26 t/ha in the second cereal position. Optimal N requirement varied with variety at ten of the 16 sites, but there was no consistent difference between the optimal N rates of wheat and triticale. Triticale grain had lower protein content and lower specific weight than wheat grain. Triticale typically showed higher biomass and straw yields, lower harvest index and higher total N uptake than wheat. Consequently, triticale had higher N uptake efficiency and higher N use efficiency. Based on this study, current N fertilizer recommendations for triticale in the UK are too low, as are national statistics and expectations of triticale yields. The implications of these findings for arable cropping and cereals markets in the UK and Northern Europe are discussed, and the changes which would need to occur to allow triticale to fulfil a role in achieving sustainable intensification are explored.

Effect of nitrogen rate and fertilizer nitrogen source on physiology, yield, grain quality, and nitrogen use efficiency in corn

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 392-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilip K. Biswas ◽  
Bao-Luo Ma
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Use Efficiency ◽  
Canopy Reflectance ◽  
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
N Source ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Rates ◽  
N Use

A two-year (2010–2011) field experiment was undertaken to examine the effect of nitrogen (N) rate (0, 100, 150, and 200 kg N ha−1) and N source (urea, calcium ammonium nitrate; ammonium sulphate) on canopy reflectance, chlorophyll pigments, photosynthesis, yield, grain quality, and N-use efficiency in corn. However, the physiological observations were made only in 2011. We found that stover biomass was unaffected by higher N rate beyond 150 kg N ha−1 in both years. Higher N rates did not provide a yield advantage as compared to 150 kg N ha−1 in 2010, but the highest grain yield was produced with 200 kg N ha−1 in 2011. The higher grain yield by N application was attributed to a greater kernel size in both years. Corn stover [N] was found to increase with increasing N rates in both years. Kernel [N] only responded to the high N rate in 2010. There was no change in the kernel density as affected by N rate in both years. An increased N addition resulted in a decrease in both N-uptake efficiency and agronomic-N use efficiency in both years. There was an inconsistent effect of N source on yield and N use efficiency indices in the corn over two years.

Utilisation de l'engrais azoté marqué au 15N par le maïs selon les modes d'application et les doses d'azote

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thi Sen Tran ◽  
Marcel Giroux ◽  
Michel P. Cescas
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Split Application ◽  
N Application ◽  
Application Methods ◽  
N Rates

The main objective of this study was to compare the recovery of 15N-labelled fertilizer by different methods of N application and N rates. Field experiments were carried out for 3 yr at Saint-Hyacinthe (Saint-Damase, Du Contour, Sainte-Rosalie soils) and at Saint-Lambert, Lévis (Le Bras soil). Grain corn (cv. Pride K228, 2700 CHU) and silage corn (cv. Hyland 3251, 2300 CHU) were grown at Saint-Hyacinthe and Saint-Lambert, respectively. In 1988 and 1989, field trials were arranged in a randomized complete bloc design consisting of five treatments in three replications: control 0 N and four split application methods of N fertilizer. Labelled 15NH4 15NO3 fertilizer was applied either banded at planting as starter (D), broadcast and incorporated before planting (Vs) or sidedressing between rows at V6 to V8 stages of corn (Bp). In 1990 field trials, treatments consisted of four N rates (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha−1) labelled with 15NH4 15NO3. The effect of N rates on yield and N uptake by corn was significant in all years. However, the effect of application methods was significant only on the soil Du Contour in 1989 where corn grain yield was highest when N fertilizer was split as starter and sidedress band. The CUR of N fertilizer applied broadcast before planting (42 to 48%) was generally lower than sidedressing band application (43 to 54%). N fertilizer recovery in the starter showed also high CUR values (45 to 60%). Consequently, it is recommended to split N fertilizers and apply in band to increase efficiency for grain corn. The CUR values decreased with N rates only in Le Bras soil in 1990. Residual N fertilizer increased from 27 to 103 kg N ha−1 for 60 and 180 kg N ha−1 rates, respectively. Consequently, the environmental impact of N fertilization may increased with high N rate. Key words: Grain corn, silage corn, 15N recovery, fertilizer N split application

scholarly journals Spatial Variability of Nitrogen Uptake and Net Removal and Actual Evapotranspiration in the California Desert Carrot Production System

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 752
Author(s):  
Aliasghar Montazar ◽  
Daniel Geisseler ◽  
Michael Cahn
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Actual Evapotranspiration ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Wide Range

Nitrogen (N) and irrigation water must be effectively used in mineral soils to produce carrots with high yield and minimal environmental impact. This study attempts to identify optimal N and irrigation management practices for low desert carrot production in California by investigating consumptive water use and N uptake and removal rates in fresh market and processing carrots. Field experiments were conducted at the University of California Desert Research and Extension Center and nine farmer fields during two growing seasons. The actual evapotranspiration (ETa) was measured using the residual energy balance method with a combination of surface renewal and eddy covariance equipment. Crop canopy coverage, actual soil nitrate-N from multiple depths as well as total N percentage, dry matter, and fresh biomass in roots and tops were measured over the growing seasons. The length of the crop season had a wide range amongst the experimental sites: from a 128-day period in a processing carrot field to as long as 193 days in a fresh market carrot field. The seasonal ETa varied between 305.8 mm at a silty loam furrow irrigated processing carrot field and 486.2 mm at a sandy clay loam sprinkler irrigated fresh market field. The total N accumulated at harvest ranged between 205.4 kg ha−1 (nearly 52% in roots) and 350.5 kg ha−1 (nearly 64% in roots). While the mean value of nitrogen removed by carrot roots varied from 1.24 to 1.73 kg N/Mg carrot roots, it appears that more N was applied than was removed by carrot roots at all sites. Within the range of N application rates examined at the experimental sites, there was no significant relationship between carrot fresh root yield and N application rate, although the results suggested a positive effect of N application on carrot yield. Sufficient soil N availability over the growing season and the lack of significant yield response to N application illuminated that optimal N rates are likely less than the total amounts of N applied at most sites.

scholarly journals Cultivar improvement and environmental variability in yield removed nitrogen of spring cereals and rapeseed in northern growing conditions according to a long-term dataset

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 341 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. PELTONEN-SAINIO ◽  
L. JAUHIAINEN
Keyword(s):  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Spring Cereals

The balance between applied and harvested nitrogen (yield removed nitrogen, YRN %) is a recognized indicator of the risk of N leaching. In this study we monitored the genetic improvements and environmental variability as well as differences among crop species (spring cereals and rapeseed) in YRN in order to characterize changes that have occurred and environmental constraints associated with reducing N leaching into the environment. MTT long-term multi-location field experiments for spring cereals (Hordeum vulgare L., Avena sativa L. and Triticum aestivum L.), turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.), and oilseed rape (B. napus L.) were conducted in 1988–2008, covering each crop’s main production regions. Yield (kg ha-1) was recorded and grain/seed nitrogen content (Ngrain, g kg-1) analyzed. Total yield N (Nyield, kg ha-1) was determined and YRN (%) was calculated as a ratio between applied and harvested N. A mixed model was used to separate genetic and environmental effects. Year and location had marked effects on YRN and Nyield. Average early and/or late season precipitation was often most advantageous for Nyield in cereals, while in dry seasons N uptake is likely restricted and in rainy seasons N leaching is often severe. Elevated temperatures during early and/or late growth phases had more consistent, negative impacts on YRN and/or Nyield for all crops, except oilseed rape. In addition to substantial variability caused by the environment, it was evident that genetic improvements in YRN have taken place. Hence, YRN can be improved by cultivar selection and through favouring crops with high YRN such as oat in crop rotations.;

scholarly journals CEREAL MIXTURES – AN EFFECTIVE WEED MANAGEMENT TOOL

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 364-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylwia Kaczmarek ◽  
Kinga Matysiak ◽  
Kazimierz Adamczewski
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Recommended Dose ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Thousand Grain Weight ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Spring Cereals

Abstract Field experiments carried out in the 2005-2007 time period were aimed at assessing the use of competitive potential against weeds of spring cereals cultivated in mixtures, for the purpose of reducing the herbicide application selected for the research. In the experiments, a mixture of the active substances, florasulam + 2,4 D (Mustang 306 SE), was applied at a recommended dose (0.5 l/ha) and then at a reduced dose (0.3 l/ha). The research objects were the spring wheat cultivar Bryza, spring barley cultivar Antek, and oat cultivar Cwał. The cereals were grown in two-species mixtures, and in pure sowing. The effect of a decreased herbicide dose was compared to the effect of the recommended dose, and the control. The research included two-time analysis of crop weed infestation (weed species composition, number, and fresh weight of weeds), determination of the number of productive culms, number of grains per ear (panicle), the thousand grain weight, and grain yield of spring cereals. The obtained results confirmed that spring cereals cultivated in mixtures had a higher competitive potential against weeds in comparison with individual species which were pure sowed. The use of the reduced herbicide dose proved to be effective in weed control and ensured a significant increase in grain yields of spring cereals. The applied herbicide doses did not affect grain number per ear and the thousand grain weight.

scholarly journals Nitrogen and Water Rates for Subsurface Trickle-irrigated Collard, Mustard, and Spinach

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 1382-1387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas L. Thompson ◽  
Thomas A. Doerge
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Soil Water Tension ◽  
Water Rates ◽  
Spinacea Oleracea ◽  
N Rates ◽  
Water Tension

Three field experiments using subsurface trickle irrigation with various rates of target soil water tension (SWT) and N rates were conducted in southern Arizona during 1990–93. The experiments were conducted with collard (Brassica oleracea L. Acephela Group cv. Vates), mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czerniak cv. Southern Giant], and spinach (Spinacea oleracea L. cv. Indian Summer). The interactive effects of water and N treatments on crop yield, N uptake, and unutilized fertilizer N were studied. In general, excessive irrigation (SWT <5.6 kPa) resulted in lower yield and N uptake and higher unutilized fertilizer N. Optimum SWTs were 9 kPa for collard, 8 kPa for spinach, and 6 to 10 kPa for mustard.

scholarly journals Justification of the limit of expediency of using potash fertilizers

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (99) ◽  
pp. 68-80
Author(s):  
G. M. Gospodarenko ◽  
◽  
A. T. Martynyuk ◽  
E. D. Cherno
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
The Cost

The issues of the recoupment of potash fertilizers are considered, which is one of the most controversial in agronomy, since it is precisely this that determines the need for fertilizers and the economic efficiency of their use. It is shown that the payback of fertilizers is a complex value and not constant in different crops. The increase in yield from fertilizers in kind is taken on the basis of field experiments with fertilizers carried out on podzolized chernozem in the Uman NUS. The cost of the increase in yield from the use of potash fertilizers was determined by the average actual sales prices of products prevailing on the market through various sales channels in the 6th quarter of 2021. collecting a yield increase from potash fertilizers. The cost of potash fertilizer was taken at the current price of 16000 UAH/t with the addition of a margin for their delivery to the farm. The costs for the use of fertilizers on the farm and for collecting the increase in yield were set calculated according to the accepted standards. The difference between the value of the yield increase (YI) and additional costs (AC) gives the net income received from the use of fertilizers. The ratio of the cost of increasing the yield to additional costs shows their payback. On the basis of comparing the indicators YI and AC, the boundaries of the economic efficiency of the use of fertilizers were determined: YI>AC (general expression of the task). The minimum necessary increase in yield from fertilizers and the limits of the increase in prices for potash fertilizers were also calculated. It has been established that at a price for potassium chloride of 16000 UAH /t and the cost of its use in optimal doses for field crops against the background of a balanced nitrogen-phosphorus nutrition, the cost of an increase in yield is 1164–14820 UAH/ ha. Payback (unprofitableness) of 1 kg. potash fertilizers vary in a wide range – from – UAH 18.6 to 104,0, depending on the crop. The limit of the unprofitable price per unit of the active substance of potash fertilizers at the optimal dose of application depends on the crop and is in the range of 6.9–129,5 UAH/ha. With the current disparity in prices for crop products and potassium chloride, its use is unprofitable for winter rye, spring barley, grain sorghum and sugar beet (when applied against a background of 40 t/ha of manure). This is due to the availability of podzolized chernozem with mobile potassium compounds, biological characteristics of crops and technologies for their cultivation.

The effect of rate, form and timing of fertilizer N on nitrogen uptake and grain N content in spring malting barley

1995 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. P. McTaggart ◽  
K. A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Fertilizer N

SUMMARYField experiments were carried out on six sites in eastern Scotland between 1987 and 1989 to determine the effect of nitrogen on the yield, N uptake and grain N concentration of spring barley grown for malting. The effects of fertilizer applications at rates from 0 to 150 kg N ha-1 and the timing of application were studied, using three fertilizer forms: calcium nitrate, ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate. Calcium nitrate applications significantly increased grain N concentrations (P < 0·05), and grain yields (P < 0·01 and 0·05) at two sites, above the values obtained with the other fertilizers, but there was no effect at the other sites. Split applications of calcium nitrate increased yields above those from single applications in some treatments at two sites. At low rates, recovery of 15N-labelled fertilizer was greatest when applied as calcium nitrate. Recovery fell at higher rates in calcium nitrate treatments, but rose in ammonium sulphate treatments. Uptake of fertilizer N, during the period of stem elongation in June, was significantly greater (P < 0·05) in the calcium nitrate and ammonium nitrate treatments. Maximum uptake was usually reached by the time of anthesis. Uptake of soil N was not as great during the early sampling periods, but continued up to harvest in most treatments. There was evidence of losses, between anthesis and harvest, of fertilizer N previously taken up by the crop. The uptake of soil N remained constant over the range of fertilizer treatments except with ammonium sulphate, where there was evidence of increased uptake at higher fertilizer rates, possibly due to ‘pool substitution’ of 15N-labelled fertilizer. The variation in soil N uptake between sites was greater than the variation in fertilizer N uptake caused by different forms of fertilizer and different application times.

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