scholarly journals Effects of physical treatment of barley and rapeseed meal in dairy cows given grass silage-based diets

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pekka Huhtanen ◽  
Terttu Heikkilä
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Physical Treatment ◽  
Heat Moisture Treatment ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Moisture Treatment

Twenty-four Ayrshire cows were used to study the effects of physical treatment of barley, rapeseed meal (RSM) supplementation and heat-moisture treatment of RSM on silage intake and milk production. Experimental design was a cyclic change-over with six dietary treatments. The treatments in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement consisted of either untreated (UB) or heat-moisture treated barley (TB), given without protein supplementation (control) or with untreated or heat-moisture treated RSM. Grass silage was given ad libitum and the concentrates at a rate of 10 kg/d. For the RSM diets, 2 kg/d of the basal concentrate was replaced with either untreated or treated RSM. Treatment of barley decreased silage intake, the effect being greater when the supplement did not contain RSM. There was no effect on milk yield, but due to the lower milk fat content, energy corrected milk yield was lower in cows given TB than in those given UB. Feeding the TB diets was also associated with lower milk urea content, and with increased milk protein content but not protein yield. Faster initial rate of gas production in vitro suggested that the treatment of barley increased the rate of fermentation. Compared with the control diets, RSM supplementation significantly increased silage intake, milk yield, milk protein content and yields of all milk constituents. Heat-moisture treatment of RSM did not produce any further production response.

The effect of crop maturity on the nutritional value of maize silage for lactating dairy cows. 3. Food intake and milk production

2000 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Phipps ◽  
J. D. Sutton ◽  
D. E. Beever ◽  
A. K. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Crop Maturity

AbstractFifty-five multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows were used in a 20-week continuous design study to determine the effect of maize silage maturity on food intake and milk production. Forage maize (cv. Hudson) was harvested and ensiled at target dry matter (DM) contents of 230 (T23), 280 (T28), 330 (T33) and 380 (T38) g per kg fresh weight (FW). The mean values for volatile-corrected DM (VCDM), starch, neutral-detergent fibre (NDF), crude protein and predicted metabolizable energy (ME) content of the four maize silages were 226, 290, 302 and 390 g/kg FW, 114, 274, 309 and 354 g/kg VCDM, 574, 447, 431 and 448 g/kg VCDM, 96, 80, 74 and 75 g/kg VCDM and 10·3, 11·5, 11·6 and 11·2 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Grass silage containing 296 g VCDM per kg FW was produced from the primary growth of a perennial ryegrass sward. At week 3 of lactation cows were allocated to one of five forage treatments offered ad libitum. The forage treatments were either grass silage alone (TGS) or a 3 : 1 DM ratio of maize and grass silage designated as T23, T28, T33 and T38. All cows also received 8·7 kg DM per day of a dairy concentrate. Forage VCDM intake for TGS was lower (P < 0·001) than for T23 to T38. Increasing maize silage DM content from 226 (T23) to 290 (T28) g/kg increased (P < 0·05) forage VCDM intake from 10·9 to 13·3 kg/day but a further increase to 390 (T38) g/kg tended to reduce VCDM intake. When compared with TGS, the inclusion of maize silage increased milk yield from 28·0 kg/day to 29·4, 32·7, 33·0 and 30·8 kg/day for T23 to T38, respectively, the increases being significant for T28 to T38. However, milk yield was reduced (P < 0·05) when the DM content of the maize silage increased from 302 to 390 g/kg. Increasing maize silage DM content from T23 to T33 reduced (P < 0·05) milk fat content from 45·8 to 41·8 g/kg, which was also lower (P < 0·05) than for TGS. The inclusion of maize silage increased fat yield with a significant difference (P < 0·05) between TGS and T28. The inclusion of maize silage increased milk protein content (P < 0·05) and protein yield (P < 0·001) when compared with TGS. While increasing maize silage maturity did not affect (P > 0·05) milk protein content, protein yield was higher (P < 0·05) for the two intermediate DM contents. There were no treatment effects on body condition score. It is concluded that the changes in composition of maize silage with increasing maturity, which are associated with increased starch and reduced NDF content, resulted in large increases in food intake and yield of milk and protein as crops matured from T23 to T33. However, when crop maturity increased further to T38 there was a tendency for DM intake and yield of milk and protein to decline.

scholarly journals The chemical composition and technological properties of milk obtained from the morning and evening milking

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 187-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Skýpala ◽  
Gustav Chládek
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
Morning Milk

Milk yield varies during lactation, following what is termed a lactation curve. ŽIŽLAVSKÝ and MIKŠÍK (1988) recorded changes in milk yield within a day, too. TEPLÝ et al. (1979) a KOUŘIMSKÁ et al. (2007) published variation within a day ± 1.10 kg in milk yield, ± 0.75 % in milk fat content and ± 0.20 % in milk protein content. Milk yield of cows can be expressed in many different ways, for instance, in kilograms per lactation or in kilograms per day. A practical parameter describing milk production is milk yield (kg) per milking.The object of experiment were 12 cows of Holstein cattle on the first lactation from the 100-day of lactation to 200-day of lactation. The samples of milk were collected from January to May 2007, once a month from the morning and evening milking (milking interval 12 h ± 15 min.). The following parameters were monitored: milk production – milk yield (kg), milk protein production (kg), milk fat production (kg); milk composition – milk protein content (%), milk fat content (%), lactose content (%), milk solids-not-fat content (%), milk total solids content (%); technological properties of milk – ti­tra­tab­le acidity (SH), active acidity (pH), rennet coagulation time (s), quality of curd (class) and somatic cell count as a parameter of udder health.Highly significant differences were found (P < 0.01) between morning milk yield (15.7 kg) and evening milk yield (13.8 kg), between morning milk protein production (0.51 kg) and evening milk protein production (0.45 kg) and between evening milk fat content (4.41 %) and morning milk fat content (3.95 %). A significant difference (P < 0.05) was found between morning milk total solids content (12.62 %) and evening milk total solids content (12.07 %). No significant differences were found between morning (M) and evening (E) values of the remaining parameters: milk fat production (M 0.62 kg; E 0.60 kg), milk protein content (M 3.24 %; E 3.27 %), milk lactose content (M 4.78 %; E 4.86 %), milk solids-not-fat content (M 7.69 %; E 7.71 %), somatic cell count (M 80 000/1 mL; E 101 000/1 mL), titratable aci­di­ty (M 7.75 SH; E 7.64 SH), active acidity (M pH 6.58; E pH 6.61), rennet coagulation time (M 189 s.; E 191 s.), quality of curd (M 1.60 class; E 1.57 class).

The relationship between milk progesterone and milk traits during estrus in dairy Cows

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Gavelis ◽  
V. Þilaitis ◽  
A Juozaitis ◽  
V. Juozaitienë ◽  
G. Urbonavièius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Milk Traits ◽  
Subclinical Ketosis ◽  
Yield Level ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this study was to evaluate relationship between milk progesterone concentration (P4) and milk traits at the start of estrus time and 12h after start of the estrus in dairy cows. The 96 milk samples of 48 Lithuanian dairy cows without reproduction disorders and 90–100 days after calving were evaluated. Cows were classified into two groups based on milk yield per day: less than 30 kg (n=20) and e”30 kg (n=28). Data were categorized by milk fat and protein content at the start estrus and 12h after start of estrus to evaluate relationship between P4 and milk traits examined. P4 at estrus time in dairy cows was significantly positively correlated with milk yield (P less than 0.001), whereas it was negatively correlated with milk protein (P less than 0.05-P less than 0.01) and fat at 12h after start of estrus. Dairy cows with F/P from 1.0 to 1.5 had the lowest P4 in milk. Results of the pregnancy in dairy cows were related with lower P4 and milk yield level (P less than 0.001), higher milk fat (P less than 0.05) and milk protein content (P less than 0.001). These cows had 1.90 times lower prevalence of the signs of subclinical ketosis (P less than 0.05) at estrus time when compared with non-pregnant cows. As a result, it was clearly demonstrated that P4 in dairy cows can help to evaluate and improve the reproductive properties of cows.

The effect of distillery by-products and molassed sugar beet feed on feed intake and milk production of dairy cows fed a maize silage based total mixed ration

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 201-201
Author(s):  
R. H. Phipps ◽  
A. K. Jones ◽  
J.G. Perrot
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Total Mixed Ration ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Milk Protein Content

An earlier study conducted at the Centre for Dairy Research (Phipps et al. 1996) using a total mixed ration (TMR) based on maize silage, showed that when distillers grains wheat and molassed sugar beet feed (MSBF) replaced cereal and protein supplements, milk yield and dry matter (DM) intake were maintained but there was a large and significant reduction in milk fat and a small but significant reduction in milk protein. This depression in milk protein was attributed to the high oil content of distillers grains, which would have reduced fermentable metabolisable energy intake which in turn may have adversely affected microbial protein synthesis and reduced milk protein content. The aim of the current study was to devise a nutritional regime using distillers grains maize (DGM) and MSBF in a TMR which would allow milk fat content to be substantially reduced without compromising either DM intake, milk yield or milk protein content.

The effect of distillery by-products and molassed sugar beet feed on feed intake and milk production of dairy cows fed a maize silage based total mixed ration

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 201-201
Author(s):  
R. H. Phipps ◽  
A. K. Jones ◽  
J.G. Perrot
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Total Mixed Ration ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Milk Protein Content

An earlier study conducted at the Centre for Dairy Research (Phipps et al. 1996) using a total mixed ration (TMR) based on maize silage, showed that when distillers grains wheat and molassed sugar beet feed (MSBF) replaced cereal and protein supplements, milk yield and dry matter (DM) intake were maintained but there was a large and significant reduction in milk fat and a small but significant reduction in milk protein. This depression in milk protein was attributed to the high oil content of distillers grains, which would have reduced fermentable metabolisable energy intake which in turn may have adversely affected microbial protein synthesis and reduced milk protein content. The aim of the current study was to devise a nutritional regime using distillers grains maize (DGM) and MSBF in a TMR which would allow milk fat content to be substantially reduced without compromising either DM intake, milk yield or milk protein content.

scholarly journals Variation in the bovine FABP4 gene affects milk yield and milk protein content in dairy cows

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Zhou ◽  
L. Cheng ◽  
W. Azimu ◽  
S. Hodge ◽  
G. R. Edwards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Milk Protein Content

Silages harvested at different stages of grass growthv.concentrate foods as energy and protein sources in milk production

1999 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 251-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rinne ◽  
S. Jaakkola ◽  
K. Kaustell ◽  
T. Heikkilä ◽  
P. Huhtanen
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
D Value

AbstractFour silages were prepared at 1-week intervals from a primary growth of timothy-meadow fescue sward. They were offered to 32 Finnish Ayrshire cows and supplemented with 7 or 10 kg of concentrate containing 0 or 1·15 kg rapeseed meal (RSM). The basal concentrate consisted of barley, oats and molassed sugar-beet pulp (2: 2: 1) and minerals. Diets were arranged 4 × 2 × 2 factorially in a cyclic change-over experiment with four periods of 21 days each.Silages contained 739, 730, 707 and 639 g digestible organic matter (D value) per kg dry matter (DM) for harvests I, II, III and IV, respectively. All dietary factors had marked effects on the performance of the cows but generally interactions between treatments could not be detected. A decrease of 10 g/kg in silage D value decreased energy-corrected milk (ECM) production of the cows by 0·50 kg/day and silage DM intake by 0·162 kg/day. An increment of 1 kg concentrate DM decreased silage DM intake by 0·61 kg and yielded 0·55 kg more ECM per day. Inclusion of RSM into the concentrate increased daily ECM production by 1·7 kg and silage DM intake by 0·60 kg/kg RSM when substituting the basal concentrate. Milk yield and yields of milk constituents decreased curvilinearly with delayed date of harvest the difference being greatest between the last two cuts and thus closely reflected the changes in silage D value. Milk protein concentration increased as apparent digestibility (P < 0.001) and concentrate level in the diet increased (P < 0.001). Milk fat concentration was not affected by the dietary treatments.Marginal ECM production responses to estimated metabolizable energy (ME) intake were higher when intake was manipulated with the date of silage harvest (0·138 kg ECM per MJ additional ME) compared with increased concentrate feeding (0·103); highest response was achieved by RSM feeding (0·244). Additional intake of calculated amino acids absorbed from the small intestine (AAT) manipulated by silage harvest time resulted in the highest marginal response (0·59 g milk protein per g additional AAT), while increased concentrate feeding and inclusion of RSM were equal (0·50 v. 0·49, respectively). Improving silage quality by earlier harvest resulted in higher milk yield, and in greater efficiency in the use of increments of estimated ME and AAT than was seen with increased concentrate feeding. Protein supplementation improved milk production irrespective of silage harvest date.

scholarly journals Calculating Protein Content of Expressed Breast Milk to Optimize Protein Supplementation in Very Low Birth Weight Infants with Minimal Effort—A Secondary Analysis

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1231
Author(s):  
Michaela Minarski ◽  
Christoph Maas ◽  
Corinna Engel ◽  
Christine Heinrich ◽  
Katrin Böckmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Very Low Birth Weight ◽  
Validation Cohort ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Protein Supply

Breast milk does not meet the nutritional needs of preterm infants, necessitating fortification. Breast milk is particularly variable in protein content, hence standardized (fixed dosage) supplementation results in inadequate supply. This was a secondary analysis of 589 breast milk protein content measurements of 51 mothers determined by mid-infrared spectroscopy during a clinical trial of higher versus lower protein supplementation in very low birth weight infants. Mothers (and breast milk samples) were divided into a test (41 mothers) and a validation cohort (10 mothers). In the test cohort, the decrease in protein content by day of lactation was modeled resulting in the breast milk-equation (BME)). In the validation cohort, five supplementation strategies to optimize protein supply were compared: standardized supplementation (adding 1.0 g (S1) or 1.42 g protein/100 mL (S2)) was compared with ‘adapted’ supplementation, considering variation in protein content (protein content according to Gidrewicz and Fenton (A1), to BME (A2) and to BME with adjustments at days 12 and 26 (A3)). S1 and S2 achieved 5% and 24% of adequate protein supply, while the corresponding values for A1–A3 were 89%, 96% and 95%. Adapted protein supplementation based on calculated breast milk protein content is easy, non-invasive, inexpensive and improves protein supply compared to standardized supplementation.

Effects of calcium soaps of rapeseed fatty acids and protected methionine on milk yield and composition in dairy cows

1999 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZYGMUNT M. KOWALSKI ◽  
PAWEŁ M. PISULEWSKI ◽  
MAURO SPANGHERO
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Total Mixed Ration ◽  
Milk Protein Content

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of supplementing the diets of dairy cows with Ca soaps of rapeseed fatty acids (CSRFA) and rumen-protected (RP) methionine on their milk yield and composition, including milk protein fractions and fatty acids. Twelve Polish Red Lowland cows were used in a complete balanced two period changeover experiment. The four treatment diets were a control consisting of a total mixed ration of grass silage and concentrates, and the total mixed ration supplemented with RP methionine, CSRFA or RP methionine plus CSRFA. Dry matter intake was not affected by diet. Milk yield increased when cows were given the diet with CSRFA, but supplementation of diets with RP methionine did not affect milk yield. Milk protein content, but not milk protein yield, decreased when CSRFA was given. The addition of RP methionine to the control diet and the CSRFA diet produced similar increases in the milk protein content. Supplementation of the diet with CSRFA significantly changed the milk fatty acid profile: the proportions of 10:0, 12:0, 14:0, 15:0 and 16:0 in milk fat decreased, but those of 18:0 and cis-18:1 increased. We conclude that CSRFA can be used in practical dairy diets to increase milk yield and manipulate its fatty acid composition.

The effect of changing the carbohydrate composition of the concentrate component of the diet of grass silage fed cows on milk yield and composition

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 168-168
Author(s):  
E Smoler ◽  
D E Beever ◽  
M A Lomax ◽  
D J Humphries ◽  
G Perrott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Parallel Increase ◽  
Milk Volume ◽  
Cow Performance ◽  
Individual Farm ◽  
The Uk

With the current production targets and pricing structures prevailing within the UK dairy industry, the incentives for the dairy farmer are to maximise milk protein content whilst controlling the yield of milk and milk fat widiin individual farm quotas. Manipulation of milk fat content by nutritional means is relatively easy, but increasing die protein content of milk by similar means is more difficult and certainly less predictable. Increasing the crude protein content of the diet will invariably stimulate the synthesis of milk protein, but tiiese changes are often associated with a parallel increase in milk volume, such mat milk protein content shows little change. In contrast, several studies have shown mat changing the nature and amount of carbohydrate in the diet can substantially improve milk protein content; Krohn et al., (1985), Roberts & Martindale, (1990), Yan & Roberts (1992, 1993) and Phipps et al (1993). At the same time, the increased use of caustic treated wheat (soda grain) on U.K dairy farms has in part been associated with consistent improvements which have been observed in milk protein content. The primary aim of this study was to consider the effect of replacing part or all of the concentrate portion of grass silage fed cows with alternative carbohydrate rich feeds on me yield of milk and milk constituents. The second objective was to compare the use of soda grain with a 50:50 mixture of rolled wheat and sugarbeet feed on dairy cow performance.

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