Effects of fenvalerate and permethrin on soil arthropods and on residues in and decomposition of barley straw

1994 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erja Huusela-Veistola ◽  
Sirpa Kurppa ◽  
Juha-Matti Pihlava
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Decomposition Rate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Soil Arthropods ◽  
Soil Animals ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control

The effects of two pyrethroids, fenvalerate and permethrin, were studied in field experiments on two soil types: organic soil and sandy loam. The objectives were to determine 1) the persistence of fenvalerate and permethrin in straw, 2) the effects of the pyrethroids on epigeal Arachnida and Collembola, and other soil animals and 3) the effects of the pyrethroids on the decomposition rate of straw. The residues of fenvalerate and permethrin in straw approximately 2 months after application varied between 0.1 to above 5 mg/kg straw in 1986, 1988 and 1989, but was less than 0.5 mg/kg straw at harvest in 1991. No pesticide residues were found in straw samples taken in the following summer in the 1991 experiment. The decomposition rate of straw did not differ between permethrin and fenvalerate- treated plots and control plots. The rate of decomposition was slightly higher in sandy soil than in organic soil, but the same on tilled and non-tilled plots. Fenvalerate and permethrin affected the numbers of epigeal Arachnida and Collembola in the field. Araneae were more numerous in pitfall samples taken from control plots than in insecticide-treated plots immediately after treatment. In organic soil the difference was marginally significant after harvest. The abundance of Acarina in pitfalls was significantly lower in insecticide-treated plots than in control plots. In the sandy soil experiment, less Collembola occurred in pitfalls of fenvalerate plots than in permethrin or control plots. There were no differences in any of the groups of soil animals in soil cores extracted with dry funnels between the treatments.

Comparison of static and dynamic closed chambers for measurement of soil respiration under field conditions

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 605-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Rochette ◽  
E. G. Gregorich ◽  
R. L. Desjardins
Keyword(s):  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Flux Measurement ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Static Chamber ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Negative Exponential

The objective of this study was to compare the dynamic closed and static chamber techniques for the measurement of soil respiration under field conditions. The static chamber method consistently produced lower soil respiration values than did the dynamic closed system and the difference was larger at higher CO2 fluxes. A negative exponential model describes the relation between CO2 fluxes measured by both techniques. A good fit was obtained for measurements on a sandy loam soil (R2 = 0.61) and an organic soil (R2 = 0.74) but parameter estimates were different for each soil. Key words: Carbon dioxide, enclosure, gas flux measurement

Performance Indices of a Combined Tillage Machine for the Incorporation of Leguminous Green Manure at Appropriate Depth

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aseem Verma ◽  
Rohinish Khurana ◽  
Anoop Dixit
Keyword(s):  
Decomposition Rate ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Surface Profile ◽  
Depth Range ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Plant Stem ◽  
Productive Zone ◽  
Different Levels

Background: The decomposition rate of biomass depends significantly on soil properties and on the design of the machine used for incorporation. Well-chopped biomass, incorporated in a productive zone with uniform mixing, gives better results instead of placing longer stalks on or near the field surface. Methods: In the field experiments conducted during 2017 and 2018, interaction of soil and biomass, placed at various depths in sandy loam soil, was studied 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 90 days after incorporation (DAI). Further, mechanical incorporation of green manure crop with innovative two-bottom combined tillage machine, namely biomass incorporator, was studied at different levels of soil type, plant height, forward speed and rotor speed.Result: The depth range of 70-140 mm was found most appropriate for incorporation to achieve a higher decomposition rate. Plant stem of 50 days old dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) crop decomposed by 13.0, 31.5, 29.25, 24.25 and 22.05% at depth range 0-70 (D1), 70-140 (D2), 140-210 (D3), 210-280 (D4) and 280-350 (D5) mm, respectively 10 DAI. About 55% of the biomass, incorporated at depth range D2, got decomposed 40 DAI. The average depth of placement of biomass with biomass incorporator ranged between 92 and 131 mm. The soil pulverization index and crop mixing index with the machine varied from 3.58 to 30.65 mm and 93.62 to 98.05%, respectively. The surface profile coefficient with the machine ranged between 24.2 and 50.6 mm. The efficient mixing of the biomass into the soil with thorough coverage of pulverized soil was achieved with rational field undulation.

Sorption and Desorption of Imazethapyr and 5-Hydroxyimazethapyr in Minnesota Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianying Gan ◽  
Monte R. Weimer ◽  
William C. Koskinen ◽  
Douglas D. Buhler ◽  
Donald L. Wyse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Equilibrium Studies ◽  
Limited Mobility ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Plant Metabolite

Laboratory batch equilibrium studies were conducted to evaluate the sorption-desorption behavior of imazethapyr and its major plant metabolite, 5-hydroxyimazethapyr, in three Minnesota soils. Sorption of both compounds on all soils was low, and pH did not significantly influence sorption in the range of 4,8 to 7.1. Less 5-hydroxyimazethapyr was sorbed than imazethapyr on the same soil. Once sorbed, both compounds were only partially desorbable from all soils. Significant hysteresis and formation of nonextractable residues indicate that the small amount of chemical sorbed is bound to selective surfaces with strong bonds. Webster clay loam had greater irreversibility than Waukegen silt loam and Estherville sandy loam soil. The hysteresis observed in desorption may be responsible for the difference between mobility estimations made from laboratory sorption studies and the limited mobility observed in field experiments.

Piggery pond sludge as a nitrogen source for crops 2. Assay of wet and stockpiled piggery pond sludge by successive cereal crops or direct measurement of soil available N

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Kliese ◽  
W. M. Strong ◽  
R. C. Dalal ◽  
N. W. Menzies
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Total N ◽  
Available N ◽  
Variation Explained ◽  
Crop N Uptake

The appropriate use of wastes is a significant issue for the pig industry due to increasing pressure from regulatory authorities to protect the environment from pollution. Nitrogen contained in piggery pond sludge (PPS) is a potential source of supplementary nutrient for crop production. Nitrogen contribution following the application of PPS to soil was obtained from 2 field experiments on the Darling Downs in southern Queensland on contrasting soil types, a cracking clay (Vertosol) and a hardsetting sandy loam (Sodosol), and related to potentially mineralisable N from laboratory incubations conducted under controlled conditions and NO3– accumulation in the field. Piggery pond sludge was applied as-collected (wet PPS) and following stockpiling to dry (stockpiled PPS). Soil NO3– levels increased with increased application rates of wet and stockpiled PPS. Supplementary N supply from PPS estimated by fertiliser equivalence was generally unsatisfactory due to poor precision with this method, and also due to a high level of NO3– in the clay soil before the first assay crop. Also low recoveries of N by subsequent sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) assay crops at the 2 sites due to low in-crop rainfall in 1999 resulted in low apparent N availability. Over all, 29% (range 12–47%) of total N from the wet PPS and 19% (range 0–50%) from the stockpiled PPS were estimated to be plant-available N during the assay period. The high concentration of NO3- for the wet PPS application on sandy soil after the first assay crop (1998 barley, Hordeum vulgare) suggests that leaching of NO3– could be of concern when high rates of wet PPS are applied before infrequent periods of high precipitation, due primarily to the mineral N contained in wet PPS. Low yields, grain protein concentrations, and crop N uptake of the sorghum crop following the barley crop grown on the clay soil demonstrated a low residual value of N applied in PPS. NO3– in the sandy soil before sowing accounted for 79% of the variation in plant N uptake and was a better index than anaerobically mineralisable N (19% of variation explained). In clay soil, better prediction of crop N uptake was obtained when both anaerobically mineralisable N (39% of variation explained) and soil profile NO3– were used in combination (R2 = 0.49).

Analysis of the horizontal structure of a measurement and control geodetic network based on entropy

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Mrówczyńska
Keyword(s):  
Geodetic Network ◽  
The State ◽  
Observation System ◽  
Optimum Number ◽  
Optimum Structure ◽  
Horizontal Structure ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control ◽  
Measurement And Control ◽  
Horizontal Displacements

Abstract The paper attempts to determine an optimum structure of a directional measurement and control network intended for investigating horizontal displacements. For this purpose it uses the notion of entropy as a logarithmical measure of probability of the state of a particular observation system. An optimum number of observations results from the difference of the entropy of the vector of parameters ΔHX̂ (x)corresponding to one extra observation. An increment of entropy interpreted as an increment of the amount of information about the state of the system determines the adoption or rejection of another extra observation to be carried out.

INFLUENCE OF UNCONVENTIONAL FERTILIZERS ON MICROBIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF SODDY-PODZOLY SANDY SOIL

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 84-87
Author(s):  
Yu.V. Leonova ◽  
◽  
T.A. Spasskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Microbiological Activity ◽  
Coffee Waste ◽  
Loam Soil

The change in the microbiological activity of sod-podzolic sandy loam soil when using coffee waste and sewage sludge as a fertilizer for oats in comparison with traditional fertilizers is considered. During the study, it was determined that the predominant groups were bacteria and actinomycetes. Bacilli and fungi are few in number. The introduction of sewage sludge and coffee waste into the sod-podzolic sandy loam soil at a dose of 10 t / ha increases the activity of the microflora of the sod-podzolic sandy loam soil, which increases the effective and potential fertility.

PENINGKATAN KEMANDIRIAN BELAJAR SISWA SMP MELALUI PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS MASALAH

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanti Jumaisyaroh Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Problem Based Learning ◽  
Mathematic Teacher ◽  
Self Regulated Learning ◽  
Regulated Learning ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Direct Learning ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control ◽  
Learning Data

The purposes of this research were to know: the difference of improvement in self-regulated learning of students that given problem-based learning with students that given  direct learning. The type of this research is a quasi-experimental research by taking samples from the existing population. The variable of this research consist of independent variable that is problem based learning model while the dependent variable isself regulated learning of student.The population of this research is all students of SMP Swasta Ar-rahman Percut and the sample of this research is grade eight with taken sample two classes (experiment and control)  with total 60 students. The instrument of this research were: scale of self-regulated learning. Data that have been collected then analyzed and performed hypothesis testing by using T-test. Based of the results analysis, it showed that: improvment  of the students’ self-regulated learning that given problem-based learning was higher than the students’ ability that given direct learning His then, suggested that problem-based learning be used as an alternative for mathematic teacher to improved students’ ability in mathematical critical thinking and self-regulated learning.

THE INFLUENCE OF TILLAGE SYSTEMS ON THE GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND YIELD OF LONG-FLAX

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Dumych ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Flax Seeds

The purpose of research: to improve the technology of growing flax in the Western region of Ukraine on the basis of the introduction of systems for minimizing tillage, which will increase the yield of trusts and seeds. Research methods: field, laboratory, visual and comparative calculation method. Research results: Field experiments included the study of three tillage systems (traditional, canning and mulching) and determining their impact on growth and development and yields of trusts and flax seeds. The traditional tillage system included the following operations: plowing with a reversible plow to a depth of 27 cm, cultivation with simultaneous harrowing and pre-sowing tillage. The conservation system is based on deep shelfless loosening of the soil and provided for chiseling to a depth of 40 cm, disking to a depth of 15 cm, cultivation with simultaneous harrowing, pre-sowing tillage. During the implementation of the mulching system, disking to a depth of 15 cm, cultivation with simultaneous harrowing and pre-sowing tillage with a combined unit was carried out. Tillage implements and machines were used to perform tillage operations: disc harrow BDVP-3,6, reversible plow PON-5/4, chisel PCh-3, cultivator KPSP-4, pre-sowing tillage unit LK-4. The SZ-3,6 ASTPA grain seeder was used for sowing long flax of the Kamenyar variety. Simultaneously with the sowing of flax seeds, local application of mineral fertilizers (nitroammophoska 2 c/ha) was carried out. The application of conservation tillage allows to obtain the yield of flax trust at the level of 3,5 t/ha, which is 0,4 t/ha (12.9 %) more than from the area of traditional tillage and 0,7 t/ha (25 %) in comparison with mulching. In the area with canning treatment, the seed yield was the highest and amounted to 0,64 t/ha. The difference between this option and traditional and mulching tillage reaches 0,06 t/ha (10,3 %) and 0.10 t/ha (18.5 %), respectively. Conclusions. Preservation tillage, which is based on shelf-free tillage to a depth of 40 cm and disking to a depth of 15 cm has a positive effect on plant growth and development, yield and quality of flax.

FINANCIAL CONTROLLING IN THE SYSTEM OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-141
Author(s):  
Petya Yordanova – Dinova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Innovative Approach ◽  
Financial Sustainability ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
And Control

This paper explores the comparative analysis of the financial controlling, who is a result from the common controlling concept and the financial management. In the specialized literature, financial controlling is seen as an innovative approach to financial management. It is often presented as the most promising instrument of financial diagnostics. Generally speaking, financial controlling is seen as a process of managing the company`s assets which are valued in monetary measures. The difference between the financial management and the financial controlling is that the second covers all functions of management, analysis and control of finances, aiming at maximizing their effective use and increasing the value of the enterprise. Financial controlling is often seen as a function of the common practice of financial management. Its objective is to preserve the financial stability and financial sustainability of enterprises operating in a highly aggressive business environment.

scholarly journals A Semi-Theoretical Model for Water Condensation: Dew Used in Conservation of Earthen Heritage Sites

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Xiang He ◽  
Sijia Wang ◽  
Bingjian Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Mass Transfer Process ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Dew Formation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Parameter

Dew is a common but important phenomenon. Though water is previously considered to be a threat to earthen heritage sites, artificial dew is showing potential in relic preservation. A model of dew prediction on earthen sites will be essential for developing preventive protection methods, but studies of dew formation processes on relics are limited. In this study, a two parameter model is proposed. It makes approximations according to the features of earthen heritage sites, assuming that a thin and steady air layer exists close to the air–solid interface. This semi-theoretical model was based on calculations of the mass transfer process in the air layer, and was validated by simulations of laboratory experiments (R > 0.9) as well as field experiments. Additionally, a numerical simulation, performed by the commercial software COMSOL, confirmed that the difference between fitting parameter δ and the thickness of assumed mass transfer field was not significant. This model will be helpful in developing automatic environmental control systems for stabilizing water and soluble salts, thus enhancing preventive protection of earthen heritage sites.

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