scholarly journals Sex diagnosis of ovine and bovine embryos by enzymatic amplification and digestion of DNA from the ZFY/ZFX locus

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-238
Author(s):  
Peter Bredbacka ◽  
Jaana Peippo
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Alkaline Treatment ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Restriction Endonucleases ◽  
Embryo Biopsy ◽  
Bovine Embryos ◽  
Enzymatic Amplification ◽  
Sex Diagnosis ◽  
Blind Trials

A PCR-based sex determination assay for sheep and cattle embryos was developed using mouse embryos for optimizing the protocol. Samples were lysed either enzymatically or by alkaline treatment followed by enzymatic amplification of DNA from the ZFY/ZFX locus. Sex diagnosis could be done after the digestion of the amplified product by restriction endonucleases. Ovine and bovine embryos could be sexed from biopsies as small as 1-4 cells. Some embryos were split into 2-4 sections, which were amplified separately. Blind trials with such samples demonstrated that the method was highly accurate, even when embryo biopsy was done under farm conditions. The protocol involves an in-built control. This eliminates the need for autosomal control primers, which often inhibit the amplification of the Y-chromosome-specific DNA, especially when a small amount of template is used.

scholarly journals Sex determination in bisected bovine embryos and conception rate after the transfer of female demi-embryos

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 595-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lopatarova ◽  
S. Cech ◽  
P. Krontorad ◽  
L. Holy ◽  
J. Hlavicova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Identical Twins ◽  
Conception Rate ◽  
Bovine Embryos ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Transfer Programs ◽  
Conception Rates

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of sex determination after microsurgical splitting of D<sub>7</sub> (Day 7) bovine embryos and to test the conception rate after subsequent transfer of female demi-embryos. High-quality morulae (<I>n</I> = 100) and early blastocysts (<I>n</I> = 123) obtained from superovulated donors were microsurgically bisected and blastomeres biopsied from one half of bisected embryos were analysed by PCR using specific primers for the Y-chromosome determinant. The female demi-embryos were transferred (ET) in pairs (bilateral) or individually (ipsilateral) to synchronized recipients. Sex determination was successfully completed in 92% of morulae (42.4% female) and 89.4% of early blastocysts (43.6% female). Conception rates were 56.5% (30.4% identical twins) and 48.8% (19.5% identical twins) after bilateral (<I>n</I> = 46) and ipsilateral (<I>n</I> = 82) transfers, respectively. The number of foetuses in relation to the number of original embryos before splitting was 40/46 (87%) and 40/41 (97.6%) after bilateral and ipsilateral transfers of demi-embryos, respectively. The results document that the microsurgical bisection in combination with PCR sex analysis represents a rapid and reliable approach to increase an amount of sex-desired calves in embryo transfer programs.

Sex determination and Y chromosome constitutive heterochromatin

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Abyt Ibraimov
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Constitutive Heterochromatin ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Secondary Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Biological Meaning ◽  
Heterochromatin Block ◽  
Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Efficient Elimination

In many animals, including us, the genetic sex is determined at fertilization by sex chromosomes. Seemingly, the sex determination (SD) in human and animals is determined by the amount of constitutive heterochromatin on Y chromosome via cell thermoregulation. It is assumed the medulla and cortex tissue cells in the undifferentiated embryonic gonads (UEG) differ in vulnerability to the increase of the intracellular temperature. If the amount of the Y chromosome constitutive heterochromatin is enough for efficient elimination of heat difference between the nucleus and cytoplasm in rapidly growing UEG cells the medulla tissue survives. Otherwise it doomed to degeneration and a cortex tissue will remain in the UEG. Regardless of whether our assumption is true or not, it remains an open question why on Y chromosome there is a large constitutive heterochromatin block? What is its biological meaning? Does it relate to sex determination, sex differentiation and development of secondary sexual characteristics? If so, what is its mechanism: chemical or physical? There is no scientifically sound answer to these questions.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Bovine Embryo Biopsy Techniques according to Their Ability to Preserve Embryo Viability

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Cenariu ◽  
E. Pall ◽  
C. Cernea ◽  
I. Groza
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Genetic Diagnosis ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
Embryo Biopsy ◽  
Embryo Cryopreservation ◽  
Bovine Embryo ◽  
Bovine Embryos ◽  
Embryo Viability ◽  
Biopsy Methods ◽  
Biopsy Method

The purpose of this research was to evaluate three embryo biopsy techniques used for preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) in cattle and to recommend the least invasive one for current use, especially when PGD is followed by embryo cryopreservation. Three hundred bovine embryos were biopsied by either one of the needle, aspiration or microblade method, and then checked for viability by freezing/thawing and transplantation to recipient cows. The number of pregnancies obtained after the transfer of biopsied frozen/thawed embryos was assessed 30 days later using ultrasounds. The results were significantly different between the three biopsy methods: the pregnancy rate was of 57% in cows that received embryos biopsied by needle, 43% in cows that received embryos biopsied by aspiration, and 31% in cows that received embryos biopsied by microblade. Choosing an adequate biopsy method is therefore of great importance in embryos that will undergo subsequent cryopreservation, as it significantly influences their viability after thawing.

scholarly journals Sex Determination of Bovine Embryos Using H-Y Antibodies

1989 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birthe Avery ◽  
Mette Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Bovine Embryos

scholarly journals Sex Determination of Bovine Embryos Based on Embryonic Cleavage Rates

1989 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-153
Author(s):  
Birthe Avery ◽  
Mette Schmidt ◽  
Torben Greve
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Bovine Embryos ◽  
Embryonic Cleavage

scholarly journals Sensitive sex determination assay applicable to bovine embryos derived from IVM and IVF

Reproduction ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. Kirkpatrick ◽  
R. L. Monson
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Bovine Embryos

Roles of Anti-Müllerian hormone (Amh) and its duplicates in sex determination and germ cell proliferation of Nile tilapia

Genetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingyong Liu ◽  
Shengfei Dai ◽  
Jiahong Wu ◽  
Xueyan Wei ◽  
Xin Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Sex Reversal ◽  
Homozygous Mutation ◽  
Germ Cell Proliferation

Abstract Duplicates of amh are crucial for fish sex determination and differentiation. In Nile tilapia, unlike in other teleosts, amh is located on X chromosome. The Y chromosome amh (amh△-y) is mutated with 5 bp insertion and 233 bp deletion in the coding sequence, and tandem duplicate of amh on Y chromosome (amhy) has been identified as the sex determiner. However, the expression of amh, amh△-y and amhy, their roles in germ cell proliferation and the molecular mechanism of how amhy determines sex is still unclear. In this study, expression and functions of each duplicate were analyzed. Sex reversal occurred only when amhy was mutated as revealed by single, double and triple mutation of the three duplicates in XY fish. Homozygous mutation of amhy in YY fish also resulted in sex reversal. Earlier and higher expression of amhy/Amhy was observed in XY gonads compared with amh/Amh during sex determination. Amhy could inhibit the transcription of cyp19a1a through Amhr2/Smads signaling. Loss of cyp19a1a rescued the sex reversal phenotype in XY fish with amhy mutation. Interestingly, mutation of both amh and amhy in XY fish or homozygous mutation of amhy in YY fish resulted in infertile females with significantly increased germ cell proliferation. Taken together, these results indicated that up-regulation of amhy during the critical period of sex determination makes it the sex-determining gene, and it functions through repressing cyp19a1a expression via Amhr2/Smads signaling pathway. Amh retained its function in controlling germ cell proliferation as reported in other teleosts, while amh△-y was nonfunctionalized.

31 Evaluation of in vitro-produced bovine embryos with conventional and SexedULTRA-4M X and Y chromosome-bearing semen: survival after slow freezing for direct transfer

2022 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 250
Author(s):  
H. Álvarez-Gallardo ◽  
M. Kjelland ◽  
M. Pérez-Martínez ◽  
A. Velázquez-Roque ◽  
F. Villaseñor-González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Slow Freezing ◽  
Direct Transfer ◽  
Bovine Embryos
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