scholarly journals The fate of some pesticides in Finnish cultivated soils

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-55
Author(s):  
Hannu Braunschweiler
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Cultivated Soils

The persistence and movement of methabenzthiazuron, metazachlor, trifluralin, iprodione, fenitrothion, fenvalerate and furathiocarb was studied in one growing season in cultivated clay, finesand and organic soils in southern Finland. Trifluralin was studied for two growing seasons. Methabenzthiazuron was the most mobile pesticide and metazachlor was almost as much mobile. They leached at least 15 cm in a month. Fenitrothion and fenvalerate were the most immobile. Trifluralin was the most and fenitrothion the least persistent. The concentrations of iprodione and fenvalerate in the top soils increased towards the autumn, presumably due to leaching of pesticides from plants. The residues of trifluralin measured in the surface layer of the mineral soils at the end of the growing season might have been harfmul to plants sensitive to trifluralin. The residues of trifluralin in the peat soil surface 1.5 years after the treatment were still high. Also methabenzthiazuron, iprodine and fenvalerate residues may in all probability have been detected in the following spring. If the half-life of a pesticide is over 80 - 100 days, it is likely that residues of it may be found in the spring following the application in cultivated Finnish soils.

Relative Dissipation of Acetochlor, Alachlor, Metolachlor, and SAN 582 from Three Surface Soils

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Mueller ◽  
David R. Shaw ◽  
William W. Witt
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Sampling Interval ◽  
Relative Order ◽  
Sampling Depth ◽  
Herbicide Degradation ◽  
Southern States

The dissipation of four commonly used soil-applied herbicides was examined in a standardized field experiment in three southern states (Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee). Averaged over the three soils and 2 yr, the relative order of increasing half-life defined as time for 50% disappearance in days (DT50) was acetochlor (6.3 d) = alachlor (6.3 d) = SAN 582 (7.3 d) < metolachlor (13.7 d). Metolachlor was the most persistent in the soil surface, and this could potentially translate into greater duration of weed control into the growing season. All examined herbicides had a DT50that averaged less than 14 d in all states in both years, so full-season weed control of susceptible species would not be expected. Rapid herbicide degradation was encouraged in these field sites by adequate to excessive soil moisture and warm temperatures throughout the sampling interval. The soils also were light textured, and the lower adsorption of the herbicide allowed for degradation ease and perhaps leaching below the sampling depth.

scholarly journals Water-extractable organic matter in the profile of mineral and organic soils of Upper Dniester alluvial plane

2017 ◽  
pp. 181-190
Author(s):  
Partyka T. ◽  
Hamkalo Z.
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Labile Pool ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Extractable Organic Matter

Content of cold water extracted organic matter (CWEOM) in organic and mineral soils of Upperdniester alluvial plane was estimated. The largest CWEOM content (mg∙100 g-1) in the upper (10 cm) soil layers was found in peat soils – 105-135, and the smallest – 20-30– in arable sod and meadow soils. The highest CWEOM content was found in the lower horizons of peat soil, where it reaches 290 mg∙100 g-1. Strong correlation (r=0.81 -0.99; P<0.05) between CWEOM and TOC was found. It indicates the presence of dynamic equilibrium in the SOM system that supports certain level of labile pool compounds – the main source of bioavailable materials and energy.

scholarly journals A TECHNIQUE FOR MOUNTING AND PRESERVING PEAT SOIL MONOLITHS

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 753-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
HENRI DINEL
Keyword(s):  
Current Practice ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Soil Material ◽  
Color Structure ◽  
Teaching Aids ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
A Current

The mounting and. preserving of soil profiles is a current practice to keep reference soils for scientific needs, teaching aids and display purposes. Techniques described in the literature (Berger and Muckenhirn 1945; Bushnell 1930; Day 1968; van Baren and Bomer 1979; Hammond 1974) have been proven satisfactory for mineral soils. However, when applied to organic soils, they have failed to minimize changes to the physical (shrinkage) and chemical (oxydation) nature of the soil material. The proposed technique offers an alternative which reduces shrinkage on drying and fixes the physical and morphological features such as color, structure and appearance in their in situ state. Key words: Peat, organic soils, monoliths, polyester mounting

CONTROLLING THE CABBAGE MAGGOT, HYLEMYA BRASSICAE (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE), WITH CHEMICAL PESTICIDES

1970 ◽  
Vol 102 (6) ◽  
pp. 667-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Read
Keyword(s):  
Soil Surface ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Surface Band ◽  
Excellent Control ◽  
Hylemya Brassicae ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Cabbage Maggot ◽  
The Many ◽  
Chemical Pesticides ◽  
Residual Control

AbstractExperiments with rutabagas, cabbage, and cauliflower were conducted on mineral soils, mainly with pre plan tin g soil treatments of insecticides applied in bands placed about 2.5 cm below the soil surface (1.25 cm below the seed) in shallow ridges to determine the best insecticides for use in controlling the cabbage maggot. Drench or granular spot applications were also used for transplanted stem crucifers. Broadcast, surface band, and supplementary drench treatments had been tested earlier but were discarded in favor of the band-in-row treatments, mainly because of hazard to beneficial predators and parasites. Of the many materials tested, carbofuran, fensulfothion, and chlorfenvinphos have consistently given the best control throughout the growing season. Trichloronat, E.I. 47031, and mecarbam also gave good results. Thionazin and phorate gave excellent control until 1968 when applied at the exact required depth in the row with machinery; control was often erratic when these materials were applied on a field scale with hand applicators. In 1968, these two insecticides gave less effective early season control and poorer residual control than in previous years. Carbofuran, and phorate, appeared to influence the development of rhizoctonia rot lesions on the sides of the roots more than other materials in all experiments. Rot lesions were more numerous and severe on rutabagas that followed potatoes than on land that had previously been used for cereals. Root maggots in stem crucifers were controlled with a number of insecticides. Methods of application for all cruciferous crops are discussed.

TOXICITY OF PROPOXUR IN WET AND DRY MINERAL SOIL TO ADULTS AND LARVAE OF THE CABBAGE MAGGOT, HYLEMYA BRASSICAE (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE)

1981 ◽  
Vol 113 (12) ◽  
pp. 1093-1100 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Read
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Excess Water ◽  
Hylemya Brassicae ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Cabbage Maggot ◽  
Fast Acting

AbstractIn greenhouse tests conducted in moist acid mineral soils, propoxur was highly toxic and fast acting as an adulticide against flies of the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), and many other types of adult insects. Some flies in contact with the surface of treated soil were killed in 30 sec or less. When banded at depths of 1, 3.5, and 7 cm, propoxur moved upward and reached peak toxicity to flies standing on the surface in ca. 5, 20, and 35 days, respectively. Deeper placement of the insecticide resulted in lower levels of peak toxicity. Toxicant from 5 to 10 cm depth treatments was still detectable 6 months after soil treatment. Adulticide tests demonstrated that propoxur could be leached downward by addition of excess water to the soil surface. Under the conditions of tests where flies in cages landed at random on treated soils in miniplots, no toxicity was detected when the surface of the treated soil became air dry.A single preplanting subsurface application of propoxur banded below the soil surface in field experiments provided all season protection against cabbage maggot infestations during normal to relatively dry growing seasons but was ineffective during abnormally wet seasons.

scholarly journals Ideas and perspectives: why Holocene thermokarst sediments of the Yedoma region do not increase the northern peatland carbon pool

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 18085-18101
Author(s):  
G. Hugelius ◽  
P. Kuhry ◽  
C. Tarnocai
Keyword(s):  
Field Data ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Carbon Pool ◽  
Permafrost Soil ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Systematic Bias ◽  
Independent Field ◽  
Permafrost Soils ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Soil Distribution

Abstract. Permafrost deposits in the Beringian Yedoma region store large amounts of organic carbon (OC). Walter Anthony et al. (2014) describe a previously unrecognized pool of 159 Pg OC accumulated in Holocene thermokarst sediments deposited in Yedoma region alases (thermokarst depressions). They claim that these alas sediments increase the previously recognized circumpolar permafrost peat OC pool by 50 %. It is stated that previous integrated studies of the permafrost OC pool have failed to account for these deposits because the Northern Circumpolar Soil Carbon Database (NCSCD) is biased towards non-alas field sites and that the soil maps used in the NCSCD underestimate coverage of organic permafrost soils. Here we evaluate these statements against a brief literature review, existing datasets on Yedoma region soil OC storage and independent field-based and geospatial datasets of peat soil distribution in the Siberian Yedoma region. Our findings are summarised in three main points. Firstly, the sediments described by Walter Anthony et al. are primarily mineral lake sediments and do not match widely used international scientific definitions of peat or organic soils. They can therefore not be considered an addition to the circumpolar peat carbon pool. Secondly, independent field data and geospatial analyses show that the Siberian Yedoma regions is dominated by mineral soils, not peatlands. Thus, there is no evidence to suggest any systematic bias in the NCSCD field data or maps. Thirdly, there is spatial overlap between these Holocene thermokarst sediments and previous estimates of permafrost soil and sediment OC stocks. These carbon stocks were already accounted for by previous studies and cannot be added to the permafrost OC count. We suggest that statements made in Walter Anthony et al. (2014) resulted from misunderstandings caused by conflicting definitions and terminologies across different geoscientific disciplines. A careful cross-disciplinary review of terminologies would help future studies to appropriately harmonize definitions between different fields.

scholarly journals Growth Responses of Boreal Scots Pine, Norway Spruce and Silver Birch Seedlings to Simulated Climate Warming over Three Growing Seasons in a Controlled Field Experiment

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 943
Author(s):  
Katri Nissinen ◽  
Virpi Virjamo ◽  
Antti Kilpeläinen ◽  
Veli-Pekka Ikonen ◽  
Laura Pikkarainen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Simulated Climate ◽  
Shoot And Root Biomass

We studied the growth responses of boreal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) seedlings to simulated climate warming of an average of 1.3 °C over the growing season in a controlled field experiment in central Finland. We had six replicate plots for elevated and ambient temperature for each tree species. The warming treatment lasted for the conifers for three growing seasons and for the birch two growing seasons. We measured the height and diameter growth of all the seedlings weekly during the growing season. The shoot and root biomass and their ratios were measured annually in one-third of seedlings harvested from each plot in autumn. After two growing seasons, the height, diameter and shoot biomass were 45%, 19% and 41% larger in silver birch seedlings under the warming treatment, but the root biomass was clearly less affected. After three growing seasons, the height, diameter, shoot and root biomass were under a warming treatment 39, 47, 189 and 113% greater in Scots pine, but the root:shoot ratio 29% lower, respectively. The corresponding responses of Norway spruce to warming were clearly smaller (e.g., shoot biomass 46% higher under a warming treatment). As a comparison, the relative response of height growth in silver birch was after two growing seasons equal to that measured in Scots pine after three growing seasons. Based on our findings, especially silver birch seedlings, but also Scots pine seedlings benefitted from warming, which should be taken into account in forest regeneration in the future.

Smallseed Falseflax (Camelina microcarpa) Management in Oklahoma Winter Wheat

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Jodie A. Crose ◽  
Misha R. Manuchehri ◽  
Todd A. Baughman
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Adequate Control ◽  
Growing Seasons

Abstract Three herbicide premixes have recently been introduced for weed control in wheat. These include: halauxifen + florasulam, thifensulfuron + fluroxypyr, and bromoxynil + bicyclopyrone. The objective of this study was to evaluate these herbicides along with older products for their control of smallseed falseflax in winter wheat in Oklahoma. Studies took place during the 2017, 2018, and 2020 winter wheat growing seasons. Weed control was visually estimated every two weeks throughout the growing season and wheat yield was collected in all three years. Smallseed falseflax size was approximately six cm in diameter at time of application in all years. Control ranged from 96 to 99% following all treatments with the exception of bicyclopyrone + bromoxynil and dicamba alone, which controlled falseflax 90%. All treatments containing an acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide achieved adequate control; therefore, resistance is not suspected in this population. Halauxifen + florasulam and thifensulfuron + fluroxypyr effectively controlled smallseed falseflax similarly to other standards recommended for broadleaf weed control in wheat in Oklahoma. Rotational use of these products allows producers flexibility in controlling smallseed falseflax and reduces the potential for development of herbicide resistance in this species.

scholarly journals Rattail fescue (Vulpia myuros) interference and seed production as affected by sowing time and crop density in winter wheat

Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Muhammad Javaid Akhter ◽  
Per Kudsk ◽  
Solvejg Kopp Mathiassen ◽  
Bo Melander
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Field experiments were conducted in the growing seasons of 2017 to 2018 and 2018 to 2019 to evaluate the competitive effects of rattail fescue [Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel.] in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and to assess whether delayed crop sowing and increased crop density influence the emergence, competitiveness, and fecundity of V. myuros. Cumulative emergence showed the potential of V. myuros to emerge rapidly and under a wide range of climatic conditions with no effect of crop density and variable effects of sowing time between the two experiments. Grain yield and yield components were negatively affected by increasing V. myuros density. The relationship between grain yield and V. myuros density was not influenced by sowing time or by crop density, but crop–weed competition was strongly influenced by growing conditions. Due to very different weather conditions, grain yield reductions were lower in the growing season of 2017 to 2018 than in 2018 to 2019, with maximum grain yield losses of 22% and 50% in the two growing seasons, respectively. The yield components, number of crop ears per square meter, and 1,000-kernel weight were affected almost equally, reflecting that V. myuros’s competition with winter wheat occurred both early and late in the growing season. Seed production of V. myuros was suppressed by delaying sowing and increasing crop density. The impacts of delayed sowing and increasing crop density on seed production of V. myuros highlight the potential of these cultural weed control tactics in the long-term management programs of this species.

Red spruce seedling gas exchange in response to elevated CO2, water stress, and soil fertility treatments

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 954-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.J. Samuelson ◽  
J.R. Seiler
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Fertility Treatment ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Growing Seasons

The interactive influences of ambient (374 μL•L−1) or elevated (713 μL•L−1) CO2, low or high soil fertility, well-watered or water-stressed treatment, and rooting volume on gas exchange and growth were examined in red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) grown from seed through two growing seasons. Leaf gas exchange throughout two growing seasons and growth after two growing seasons in response to elevated CO2 were independent of soil fertility and water-stress treatments, and rooting volume. During the first growing season, no reduction in leaf photosynthesis of seedlings grown in elevated CO2 compared with seedlings grown in ambient CO2 was observed when measured at the same CO2 concentration. During the second growing season, net photosynthesis was up to 21% lower for elevated CO2-grown seedlings than for ambient CO2-grown seedlings when measured at 358 μL•L−1. Thus, photosynthetic acclimation to growth in elevated CO2 occurred gradually and was not a function of root-sink strength or soil-fertility treatment. However, net photosynthesis of seedlings grown and measured at an elevated CO2 concentration was still over 2 times greater than the photosynthesis of seedlings grown and measured at an ambient CO2 concentration. Growth enhancement by CO2 was maintained, since seedlings grown in elevated CO2 were 40% larger in both size and weight after two growing seasons.

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