scholarly journals Gaseous health hazards in livestock confinement buildings

1987 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juhani Kangas ◽  
Kyösti Louhelainen ◽  
Kaj Husman
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Ammonia Level ◽  
Threshold Limit Value ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentrations ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Livestock Building ◽  
Cattle Farms ◽  
Mean Concentration

Gas concentrations were measured on 16 farms (eight cattle farms, five piggeries, three poultry yards) mainly during wintertime. The gases were ammonia, carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan and other sulfides. The mean concentrations of ammonia varied between 8—43 cm3/m3 in the air of livestock building. In the poultry yards the mean concentration of ammonia was highest; it was lower in piggeries and especially in cowhouses. Carbon dioxide concentrations were 500—3500 cm3/m3 in cowhouses, 1000—4000 cm3/m3 in hoghouses and 600—4000 cm3/m3 in poultry yards. Very low concentrations of methane and sulfur compounds were found in the livestock confinement buildings. It is obvious that in normal working situations only ammonia of the measured gases exceeds the threshold limit value (25 cm3/m3). High ammonia concentrations can be expected in the floor type poultry confinement buildings especially when manure is left on the floor for several months. In such cases effective mechanical ventilation is the only way to keep the ammonia level acceptable.

Mineral content of honeybee-collected pollen from southern New South Wales

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Somerville ◽  
H. I. Nicol
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Content ◽  
New South ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Prunus Dulcis ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Minor Elements ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

The mineral content of honeybee-collected pollen from 34 floral species was analysed for 10 elements. The mean concentrations (mg/kg) of major and minor elements were the following: potassium (K) 5530, phosphorus (P) 4600, sulfur (S) 2378, calcium (Ca) 1146, magnesium (Mg) 716, sodium (Na) 82, iron (Fe) 67, zinc�(Zn) 58, manganese (Mn) 33 and copper (Cu) 12. Close correlations existed between Mn and Cu, P and S, K and S and K and Zn. Single species demonstrated similar element profiles. Echium plantagineum pollen had a high mean concentration of P (7411 mg/kg) and S (3133 mg/kg) when compared with the mean of the total; Brassica�napus pollen had high concentration of Mg (1400 mg/kg) and Ca (1750 mg/kg) and low concentration of Fe (27 mg/kg); Hypochoeris radicata had low concentrations of 6 elements — Fe (4.5 mg/kg), Zn (20 mg/kg), Mg�(240 mg/kg), S (1400 mg/kg), P (2066 mg/kg) and K (2433 mg/kg). Asphodelus fistulosus had the highest concentration of K at 38 000 mg/kg, the next highest value of 8200 mg/kg being for Prunus dulcis.

scholarly journals Improved ELISA for Selective Measurement of Adiponectin Multimers and Identification of Adiponectin in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid

2007 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 1541-1544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Ebinuma ◽  
Takashi Miida ◽  
Toshimasa Yamauchi ◽  
Yusuke Hada ◽  
Kazuo Hara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Serum Adiponectin ◽  
Native Page ◽  
Elisa System ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Molecular Sizes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

Abstract Background: Human serum adiponectin exists in 3 multimer forms: high molecular weight (HMW), middle molecular weight, and low molecular weight (LMW), with some of the latter bound to albumin (Alb)-LMW. Some studies have suggested that adiponectin crosses the blood–brain barrier and plays a central role in energy homeostasis. Methods: To determine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) adiponectin at extremely low concentrations, we modified the protocol of the ELISA system used to assay serum adiponectin. The 3 multimers of adiponectin were measured separately by pretreating CSF with 2 proteases. We measured the CSF adiponectin concentrations in anonymous human samples (n = 19). The molecular sizes of adiponectin in CSF pretreated with proteases or untreated were determined by use of native PAGE and immunoblotting. Results: The ELISA system measured adiponectin in the range of 1.0–167 μg/L. The between-assay imprecision estimates (CVs) were 6%–17% for the 3 forms. The mean total CSF adiponectin concentration (7.2 μg/L) was ∼1/1000 of the mean concentration in serum. Unlike serum adiponectin, the LMW and Alb-LMW forms predominated in all of the CSF samples. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that most LMW forms were bound to Alb, although the HMW form was detected in some samples. Conclusions: The modified ELISA system measures the 3 multimers separately and is sufficiently sensitive to measure adiponectin in CSF.

A STUDY OF PLASMA VALUES OF SODIUM, POTASSIUM, CHLORIDE, CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON DIOXIDE TENSION, SUGAR, UREA AND THE PROTEIN BASEBINDING POWER, pH AND HEMATOCRIT IN PREMATURES ON THE FIRST DAY OF LIFE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49
Author(s):  
J. B. Pincus ◽  
I. F. Gittleman ◽  
M. Saito ◽  
A. E. Sobel
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Weight Group ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Binding Power ◽  
Mean Concentration

Seventy-three premature infants were studied on the first day of life before fluid therapy or feedings were begun. These were divided into 3 groups according to weight. A fourth group was included in this study as a "control." The following chemical constituents of the plasma were measured: sodium, potassium, chloride, CO2 content, total protein, urea and sugar. The blood pH and the hematocrit were also determined. The protein base-binding power was calculated. The observations were made on capillary blood obtained by heel puncture. Ultramicro-methods were used for the estimation of the various chemical constituents. The mean concentration of potassium is significantly higher in the lowest weight group; the protein and correspondingly the base-binding power of the protein is also significantly lower in this group. The mean values for sodium, chloride, CO2, pH, sugar and urea did not vary significantly with the birth weights of the infants. While the lowest pH values were encountered in the lowest weight group, the mean did not significantly differ from group to group. The mean concentration of urea was higher in the lowest weight group but did not significantly vary with the birth weight of the infants. The mean concentration of glucose in the plasma was lowest in the lowest weight group. The hematocrit values were uniformly above normal in all groups, but the mean did not vary from group to group.

Survey of ammonia concentrations in livestock buildings

1999 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. SEEDORF ◽  
J. HARTUNG
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Threshold Limit Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Poultry Houses ◽  
Livestock Buildings ◽  
The Mean

The air quality in 82 German livestock buildings was investigated, using ammonia as a gaseous indicator. The ammonia concentrations were measured hourly and a 24 h mean was calculated. In cattle houses the mean ammonia measurement ranged between 3·7 ppm in calf houses (n = 16), 4·7 ppm in beef units (n = 10) and 6·4 ppm in dairy cattle houses (n = 8). In pig buildings the highest mean concentrations of 15·9 ppm were found in fattening pig livestocks (n = 8). In sow (n = 16) and weaner livestock buildings (n = 8) the averaged ammonia concentration varied between 13·4 ppm and 9·1 ppm, respectively. Within poultry houses, broiler flocks (n = 8) were associated with ammonia concentrations of 21·2 ppm. On the other hand, livestock buildings containing laying hens (n = 8) showed the lowest ammonia concentrations of all, namely 2·7 ppm. A significant positive correlation between temperature, relative humidity and ammonia concentrations could be found in poultry houses. Assuming an ammonia threshold limit value of 15 ppm, although no cattle house in this study exceeded this recommended limit, 31% of all the pig and poultry units investigated did, indicating a need for improved housing conditions in the future.

scholarly journals Comparison of Two Free-Farrowing Systems and a Conventional Farrowing Crate System with Special Regard to Air Hygiene

Agriculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eyke Lühken ◽  
Thies Nicolaisen ◽  
Britta Risch ◽  
Nina Volkmann ◽  
Sandra Schnier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Housing System ◽  
Group Housing ◽  
System A ◽  
Lactating Sows ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

The aim of this study was to analyze the air quality in two different commercially available free-farrowing systems in comparison with a conventional farrowing crate system. A group housing system for six lactating sows (GH) and a single loose-housing system (LH) were tested against systems with farrowing crates (FC) under similar conditions. In eight evaluated batches with 148 farrowings, measurements were performed at the beginning, in the middle, and at the end of the occupancy period of 33 days. The mean dust concentration was significantly higher in GH than in LH and FC at the mid-point. The mean ammonia concentration was significantly higher in GH compared to LH and FC at the beginning of occupancy. The mean concentration of endotoxins was significantly higher in FC than in LH and GH at the end of occupancy. Furthermore, the systems did not differ significantly from each other. Spearman’s analysis revealed correlations between dust and time of occupancy, between ammonia and carbon dioxide, and between ammonia and the inside temperature and outside temperature. The new husbandry systems offer animals more opportunities to move without endangering animal welfare through deteriorated air hygiene.

scholarly journals Determination of heavy metals concentration in drinking water of Potiskum Metropolitan, North Eastern, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Muhammad Dahiru Audu ◽  
Madu Mamman Maianguwa ◽  
Ibrahim Gana Geidam
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Value Set ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Sampling Points ◽  
Standard Organization ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

The mean concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) such as Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), and Iron (Fe) in drinking water of Potiskum metropolitan were investigated. The water samples were collected from the following locations; ARK, PMP, MMD, ABB, NHT, FCE, and JGW. The sample's physic-chemical parameters such as pH, Temperature, and Conductivity were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). The pH result for the three sample locations ABB (9.6), PMP (9.2), and JGW (8.8) was recorded and found to be above the recommended value set by Standard Organization of Nigerian (SON). Meanwhile, there Conductivities values were reported to be below the limit value (1ms/cm) set by SON. The results obtained the highest mean concentration of cadmium was recorded in FCE (0.004±0.01 ppm) and observed above the recommended value set by WHO(0.003ppm), the highest mean concentration of lead was found in FCE (0.090±0.012 ppm) and all mean concentrations of lead were recorded above the recommended values set by WHO(0.01ppm) and SON(0.01ppm), the highest concentration of zinc was recorded in JGW (0.024±0.026 ppm) and all sampling points have recorded the concentrations of zinc below the recommended value set by WHO(5.0ppm) and SON(3.0ppm). The highest mean concentration of iron was recorded in ARK (0.310±0.063 ppm) and all sampling points have recorded the concentrations of iron below the recommended value set by SON (0.3ppm) except ARK (recorded above).

BLOOD LEVELS OF PROGESTERONE IN THE EWE

1958 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 378-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. EDGAR ◽  
J. W. RONALDSON
Keyword(s):  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Active Ovary ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

SUMMARY Progesterone levels in the blood of ewes were assayed chemically. No progesterone was detected in blood from the jugular vein of any ewe. It was found in blood from the vein draining the active ovary during the oestrous cycle. Detectable amounts appeared on the 3rd day, and the mean concentration increased to about 1·8 μg/ml. on the 7th day. This level was maintained until the 16th day and fell to <0·15 μg/ml. on the 17th or last day of the cycle. Blood from the vein draining the active ovary during pregnancy showed a mean level similar to that reached during the oestrous cycle until about the 17th week when it gradually fell to, and remained at, <0·15 μg/ml. a few days before parturition. In blood from the vein draining the pregnant horn of the uterus, progesterone was detected in low concentrations between the 9th and 18th weeks of pregnancy in only six out of 143 cases. Considerable variation between ewes in progesterone concentration was found.

scholarly journals Gas Exchange in Abdominal Cavity during Laparoscopy

1983 ◽  
Vol 76 (12) ◽  
pp. 1015-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
A E Cameron ◽  
G L de Dear ◽  
T J Pocock ◽  
R W G Tennant
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Infrared Spectrometer ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Insufflating Gas ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Concentration ◽  
Mean Concentration

Gas exchange occurring in the abdominal cavity during laparoscopy, using carbon dioxide as the insufflating gas, was investigated in 25 female patients being ventilated with 66.6% nitrous oxide and 33.3% oxygen. The gas remaining in the abdomen at the end of the procedure was collected and measurements were made using an infrared spectrometer, a paramagnetic analyser and a mass spectrometer. The mean duration of the laparoscopy was 9.5 minutes and the mean volume of carbon dioxide delivered was 6.8 litres. Nitrous oxide concentration in the abdomen was found to increase significantly with the duration of the procedure, varying from 1.4% to 12.8% with a mean of 4.3% (s.d.±2.4). Oxygen concentration measured from 0.1 to 1.8% with a mean of 0.7% (s.d.±0.4). Nitrogen concentration varied from zero to 1.8%, having a mean concentration of 0.8% (s.d.±0.5). Carbon dioxide content was from 85.7 to 99.6% with a mean concentration of 94.2% (s.d.±3.1).

Variations in immunoglobulin concentrations in Merino and Scottish Blackface lambs

1974 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Halliday
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Serum Protein ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Annual Variations ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Female Sheep ◽  
Mean Concentration

SUMMARYThe concentrations of maternal immunoglobulin in 2-day-old lambs varied widely. They were significantly correlated with the lengths of pregnancy and the serum protein concentrations of the adult female sheep (ewes), but not with the colostrum immunoglobulin concentrations, nor with the weights or ratios of weights of the lambs and ewes. The mean concentrations were as high in Merino as in Blackface lambs.Although there was some evidence that colostrum production was higher in ewes with twins than in ewes with single lambs, the immunoglobulin concentrations in the lambs fell significantly as litter size increased. They were significantly higher in male than in female twins, and in twins from litters containing both sexes than in twins from litters of one sex, but the difference between single males and females was not significant. Nor was the difference between the first and second born of each pair of twins. Twins and triplets born to ewes aged 7 years or more had particularly low concentrations. No other effects of the age of the ewe were found. The concentrations fell significantly as the date of lambing during the season advanced, and there were significant annual variations which could not be attributed to the weather. The correlation coefficients for the concentrations in lambs born to the same ewe in successive years were 0·309 and 0·298 (P < 0·001), respectively, for Merino and Blackface lambs.The mean concentration in lambs which died subsequently from infections was significantly lower than in the surviving lambs, but many lambs with very low concentrations survived.

Instant 99mTc-Labelled Glucoheptonate Kit for Kidney Imaging

1983 ◽  
Vol 22 (05) ◽  
pp. 246-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Al-Hilli ◽  
H. M. A. Karim ◽  
M. H. S. Al-Hissoni ◽  
M. N. Jassim ◽  
N. H. Agha
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Organ Distribution ◽  
Stable Complex ◽  
Scintillation Camera ◽  
Ph Adjustment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Kidney Imaging ◽  
Mean Concentration

Gelchromatography column scanning has been used to study the fractions of reduced hydrolyzed 99mTc, 99mTc-pertechnetate and 99mTc-chelate in a 99mTc-glucoheptonate (GH) preparation. A stable high labelling yield of 99mTc-GH complex in the radiopharmaceutical has been obtained with a concentration of 40-50 mg of glucoheptonic acid-calcium salt and not less than 0.45 mg of SnCl2 2 H2O at an optimal pH between 6.5 and 7.0. The stability of the complex has been found significantly affected when sodium hydroxide solution was used for the pH adjustment. However, an alternative procedure for final pH adjustment of the preparation has been investigated providing a stable complex for the usual period of time prior to the injection. The organ distribution and the blood clearance data of 99mTc-GH in rabbits were relatively similar to those reported earlier. The mean concentration of the radiopharmaceutical in both kidneys has been studied in normal subjects for one hour with a scintillation camera and the results were satisfactory.

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