scholarly journals Xylitol, polyol molasses and glucose in the diet of newborn calves: II. Content of antimicrobial factors in blood and saliva, bacteria in faeces and health status

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-323
Author(s):  
Hannu Korhonen ◽  
Eija Alasaari ◽  
Matti Antila
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Level ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Sugar Alcohols ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Newborn Calves ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Colostrum Feeding

The concentrations of various antimicrobial factors in the saliva and plasma of newborn calves with special reference to possible effects of a diet supplemented with different sugar alcohols were studied. Eighteen calves were assigned alternately at birth to three groups, each comprising six animals. All calves were fed a pooled colostrum diet for the first four days, thereafter whole milk plus milk replacer. Concentrates and hay were given ad libitum. The diets of the different groups were supplemented with the following test substrates: xylitol, polyol molasses or glucose(control). The daily doses of each substrate were progressively increased from 0.5 to 1.0 g/kg of live weight for the last four weeks. Plasma and saliva samples were taken from all calves before colostrum feeding (day 0) and on days 1, 2, 4, 7, 21 and 35 after birth. The following factors were determined quantitatively: lactoferrin (LF), lactoperoxidase (LP), lysozyme (LZM) and immunoglobulins IgG1, lgG2, IgM and IgA (only in plasma). Further determinations included weekly counts of total aerobic bacteria, aerobic haemolytic bacteria, coliforms, lactobacilli and clostridia in faeces. Salivary LF increased from the average 0 day level of 3.6—17.0 /µg/ml in the different groups to a maximum of 38.7—55.6 µg/ml within one week, and declining thereafter slowly in all groups. LF was not found in the saliva of all calves at birth but was consistently present later on. No LF was detected in plasma. Salivary LP increased from the average 0 day level of 56.3—86.6 /µg/ml in the different groups to a maximum of 228—296 /µg/ml within three weeks and declined markedly by day 35. LP was found in all saliva samples, but the plasma concentrations were very low and not always detectable. Salivary LZM was high at birth compared to the plasma level (average 0.8—2.1 /µg/ml vs. 0.3—0.5µg/ml in the different groups).

A note on the performance and management of calves reared on cold acidified milk replacer fed ad libitum

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Thickett ◽  
N. H. Cuthbert ◽  
T. D. A. Brigstocke ◽  
M. A. Lindeman ◽  
P. N. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Skim Milk Powder ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Dry Food

ABSTRACTResults are presented from six trials dealing with aspects of management on the cold ad libitum system of calf rearing using an acidified milk replacer containing over 600 g skim milk powder per kg.Thirty-six calves were housed in pens of six for each trial and were fed through a teat and pipeline from a storage barrel. Acidified milk replacer, pH 5·6, was mixed cold at 125 g/1 and made available ad libitum to 3 weeks. A rationed allowance was given daily, on a reducing scale, over the following 2 weeks with weaning completed at 35 days. A pelleted dry food containing 180 g crude protein per kg, together with water in buckets and barley straw in racks, was available ad libitum throughout. Each trial lasted 8 weeks. Results for the mean of the six cold ad libitum trials involving 216 calves were compared with the mean results of 10 conventional bucket-fed trials carried out separately at the same unit, involving 912 calves. All calves were purchased British Friesian male (bull) calves.Calves on the ad libitum system showed improved live-weight gains of 9·4 kg at 3 weeks, 8·8 kg at 5 weeks and 7·5 kg at 8 weeks, compared with the conventional system. The consumption of milk replacer powder was higher in ad libitum trials at 29·4 kg cf. 12·5 kg by bucket but intake of pelleted dry feed was lower on the ad libitum system at 50·7 kg cf. 71·3 kg to 8 weeks. Calf appearance scores were significantly improved on the ad libitum system which gave the main improvement in performance in the first 3 weeks.

A note on the effects of frequency and method of feeding milk substitute on the performance of Friesian and Ayrshire calves

1973 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Broadbent
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Drinking Behaviour ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Blood Temperature ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Liquid Milk ◽  
Ad Libitum

SUMMARY1. Forty British Friesian and 33 Ayrshire male calves were reared on one of three treatments differing in frequency and method of feedingwhole milk and milk substitute.2. The calves were introduced to their treatments on arrival. The Ayrshire calves were offered whole milk for 24 days as two feeds of up to 1·42 litres warm milk each (2W), or one feed of up to 2·84 litres warm milk (1W) daily, or cold milk ad libitum (AC). Thereafter they received milk substitute on one of the following regimes which were applied to the Friesian calves from arrival. The regimes were 454 g milk-substitute powder reconstituted at the rate of 158 g per litre warm water (approximately blood temperature) given in two feeds of 227 g per day (2W) or one feed of 454 g per day (1W), and milk-substitute powder reconstituted with cold water at the rate of 100 g per litre offered ad libitum (AC).3. Calves on treatment AC had higher live-weight gains and consumed more whole milk, milk substitute and less concentrates than those on other treatments. These differences were significant. There were differences in drinking behaviour on treatment AC between Friesian and Ayrshire calves which may have been due to differences in age at the start of the experiment. Solid food intake was affected by both level and pattern of liquid milk consumption. The practical and financial implications of treatment AC are discussed.

The effect of restricted feeding on growth hormone (GH) secretory patterns in genetically lean and fat wether lambs

2000 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Francis ◽  
R. P. Littlejohn ◽  
S. K. Stuart ◽  
B. A. Veenvliet ◽  
J. M. Suttie
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Developmental Change ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Plasma Gh ◽  
And Control

AbstractThe aim of this work was to determine whether developmental changes in growth hormone (GH) secretory patterns and carcass composition were influenced by nutrition and genotype in sheep. Four-month-old wether lambs from lean (low backfat), fat (high backfat) and control selection lines were nutritionally restricted to maintain a 28 kg live weight or given food ad libitum for 24 weeks. Plasma concentrations of GH and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) were measured at predetermined times and carcass composition of the animals determined at the end of the trial.From week 3 on, restrictions in dry matter (DM) intake were observed as the ad libitum treatment group had a significantly greater intake than the restricted treatment group (7·70 v. 5·80 kg DM per week, s.e.d. = 0·81). Differences in live weight between the feeding treatments were significant (P < 0·05) at week 9. The restricted feeding regime was associated with significant reductions in plasma levels of IGF-1 but had no effect (P > 0·05) on carcass weight-adjusted carcass fat proportion at the close of the trial. The effect of food restriction on GH secretory patterns was variable. Although there was initially a suppression in mean plasma GH, there was subsequently significantly higher mean plasma GH in the restricted feeding treatment. Periodogram analysis indicated that both the absolute levels of GH and the GH secretory pattern were altered by restricted feeding. In all animals, mean and basal GH concentrations, as well as the frequency and amplitude of pulses, declined from February to March and then increased from May to July (P < 0·001).DM intake and live weight did not differ (P > 0·05) between genotypes, however the fat genotype had greater carcass fatness than lean or control genotypes (P < 0·01). There were no consistent differences between genotypes in plasma IGF-1 concentrations. In the ad libitum treatment, the lean and control genotypes had higher plasma GH levels than the f at genotype but the pattern of GH release did not vary. Under restricted feeding, both the pattern and the level of plasma GH varied between genotypes.It is concluded that the developmental change in GH secretory patterns is affected by nutrition but not in a consistent manner. Although restricted feeding resulted in higher mean plasma GH concentrations later in the trial, this did not result in a change in carcass composition. The biological cues which lead to increased fat deposition in older lambs need further study but plasma GH levels may not he an important mechanism in this process.

EFFECTS OF FAT LEVELS IN MILK REPLACERS AND PROTEIN LEVELS IN CREEP FEED ON THE PERFORMANCE OF ARTIFICIALLY REARED LAMBS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-381
Author(s):  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
T. M. MACINTYRE
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Creep Feed ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Milk Replacers

Two growth trials were conducted to determine an optimum level of fat in milk replacer and an optimum level of protein in creep feed for artificially reared lambs. In experiment 1, milk replacers containing 31 or 36% fat (dry matter, DM, basis) were fed ad libitum to 58 lambs at 1 day of age. The protein was supplied by low-heat spray-dried skim milk powder and Na caseinate and the fat from a mixture of 10% coconut oil and 90% tallow. A finely ground unpelleted creep feed with 20% protein, on a DM basis, was fed ad libitum. The lambs consumed more of the 31% fat milk replacer and gained more live weight (288 vs. 254 g/day; P < 0.025) to weaning at 25–30 days of age than did lambs fed the 36% fat formula. Weight gains to 10 wk of age were 190 and 170 g/day, respectively (P < 0.10). In experiment 2, 84 lambs were fed a 26% fat milk replacer ad libitum, and creep feeds with 15, 20 or 25% protein (DM basis). The supplementary protein was supplied by herring meal and soybean meal. Weight gains of lambs to weaning at 24 days of age were similar on the three creep feeds. However, gains to 10 wk of age averaged 218, 235 and 244 g/day (P < 0.05) on the 15, 20 and 25% protein diets, respectively. One and 2 kg of DM were consumed/kg lamb body weight gain to weaning and to 10 wk of age, respectively. It was concluded that the milk replacer should contain 26–31% fat, and the creep feed 20% protein or more for maximal performance of artificially reared lambs.

scholarly journals SYSTEM OF AUTOMATED DRINKING OF WHOLE MILK SUBSTITUTE WITHOUT PIGLETS DEPOSITION: HOW DOES IT AFFECT THE INTENSITY OF THEIR GROWTH AND SAFETY

PIG-BREEDING ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 15-17
Author(s):  
CHUS R.V. ◽  
◽  
GAPONENKO V.N. ◽  
KRYUCHIN D.V. ◽  
KOSCHAEV A.G. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Suckling Period ◽  
Idle Period ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Suckling Piglets ◽  
Daily Gain

The effectiveness of using the CulinaCup system for feeding suckling piglets with a substitute for whole milk has been studied. The use of automated feeding equipment for whole milk replacer made it possible to increase the safety of piglets during the suckling period by 2.1%, live weight at weaning by 9.2%, average daily gain by 12.1%, increase the number of weaners per sow by 3.7 heads and reduce the duration of the idle period by 0.8 days.

scholarly journals Effects of Feeding Milk Replacer Ad Libitum or in Restricted Amounts for the First Five Weeks of Life on the Growth, Metabolic Adaptation, and Immune Status of Newborn Calves

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. e0168974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine T. Schäff ◽  
Jeannine Gruse ◽  
Josefine Maciej ◽  
Manfred Mielenz ◽  
Elisa Wirthgen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Status ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Newborn Calves ◽  
Ad Libitum

scholarly journals Concentrations of amino acids and urea in the plasma of the preruminant calf and estimation of the amino acid requirements

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Williams ◽  
R. H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Methionine Supplementation

1. A study was made of factors affecting the plasma concentrations of free amino acids (PAA) and urea (PU) in calves receiving liquid diets2. When calves were given whole milk (approximately 0·05 kg/kg live weight) at 10·00 and 17·00 hours there were marked decreases in PAA and slight decreases in PU for about 3–4 h after the morning feed. Both PAA and PU thereafter increased slightly and then remained constant for the next 10 h. In subsequent comparative experiments samples were taken 3 h after the morning feed. The variation in plasma methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and total PAA was apparently greater between than within animals3. In calves transferred from a diet of whole milk to one consisting of diluted whole milk supplemented with appropriate nutrients, including amino acids, but deficient in methionine, PU increased markedly and plasma methionine decreased4. Two calves (50–60 kg live weight) given the latter diet supplemented to give an intake of more than 4·5 g L-methionine/d together with 0·3 g cystine/d showed marked increases in plasma methionine. This was considered to correspond with the point at which methionine requirements were met and that under these conditions the methionine requirement for these calves (mean value ± SE) was 4·5 ± 0·2 g/d. In the same two calves PU decreased markedly with increasing levels of methionine supplementation up to 3·9 g/d and the estimated methionine requirement (mean value ± SE) was 3·9 ± 0·4 g/d.

The performance of crossbred dairy calves given different levels of whole milk and weaned at different ages

1992 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Khalili ◽  
S. Crosse ◽  
T. Varvikko
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractForty-five Friesian × zebu crossbred calves (4 days old) were used to evaluate the effect of feeding different levels of whole milk and weaning at different ages. A total of 252 I whole milk offered over 12 weeks was compared with a feeding level of 134 I milk offered over 8 weeks. Water given ad libitum was also compared with allowing access to water once daily. The calves were penned and fed individually. The average daily gain of the calves weaned at 12 weeks was 464 g compared with 378 g for the calves weaned at 8 weeks of age and allowed access to water once daily and 422 g for the calves weaned at 8 weeks and given water a d libitum. Feeding extra milk and weaning at 12 weeks decreased the intake of concentrates and significantly (P < 0·05) increased live-weight gain. Allowing ad libitum access to water was associated with an increase in concentrate intake but this was not reflected in a significant increase in animal performance.

Effect of ad libitum access to milk replacer to piglets on performance of piglets, slaughter pigs and sows

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 ◽  
pp. 58-58
Author(s):  
Jan Erik Lindberg ◽  
Maria Neil ◽  
Mari-Ann Cidh
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Crypt Depth ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Slaughter Pigs ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Palatable Diet

One way of improving the growth rate of piglets could be to provide a palatable diet with high nutritive value (Pluske et al., 1995). Several earlier studies have shown that this is possible by improving the piglet diet either by selecting ingredients or by processing the cereals in the diet (Hardy, 1992). An alternative could be to offer the piglets a milk replacer, in addition to a dry piglet feed, in order to make the transition to a complete dry feeding smoother. Recent data suggest that villus height and crypt depth are maintained after weaning in piglets when fed cows whole milk and that the capacity to absorb monosaccharides was increased (Pluske et al., 1996). The aim of the experiment was to study the effect of ad libitum access to milk replacer to piglets, in addition to dry piglet feed and sows milk, on the performance of piglets, slaughter pigs and sows.

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