scholarly journals Breeding for milk and beef in cattle - designing an overall strategy

1983 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 547-553
Author(s):  
Veijo Vilva ◽  
U. B. Lindström
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Economic Gain ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Milk Traits ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Selection For

A three-stage selection programme of dual purpose bulls was studied in order to assess the significance of the selection stages and the genetic gain to be expected. In accordance with previous studies the results showed that over 90 % of the economic gain comes from the milk traits. In addition the study showed that over 10 % of the gain is due to the increased feed conversion efficiency, mainly in milk production. The beef performance test of young bulls accounted for only 1—2 % of the total economic gain. Therefore the test stations setup for this purpose might be more efficiently utilised by concentrating on measurement of feed conversion. The study also indicated that direct selection for feed efficiency in milk production would give appreciably higher gain even if it were done on the basis of only 5 daughters/ bull. In practice this might be accomplished by measuring the feed consumption of a limited number of daughters per young bull, 4-5 months after calving for about one month or by collecting 200—300 individual mid-lactational feed consumption records for daughters of young bulls.

scholarly journals Results of selection for breast muscle percentage and feed conversion ratio in Pekin ducks

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 769-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Pingel
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Breast Muscle ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Selection For

Increasing breast muscle percentage by selection for breast layer thickness (muscle and skin) of living ducks by needle probe improves carcass quality as could be demonstrated by experiments and by applied breeding programs. In addition direct selection for individual feed conversion ratio can increase the efficiency of duck meat production. Divergent selection for feed conversion ratio from the age of 4 - 7 weeks over 11 generations has differentiated the feed efficiency by about 25 %. Causes for the reduction in feed conversion ratio are lower fat content of carcass, lower locomotor activity, higher enzymatic activity (alkaline phosphatase and creatinkinase in blood plasma) and better feed protein utilization. Because of lower feed consumption in the line selected for lower feed conversion ratio the emission of nitrogen and phosphorus via manure was reduced by about 39 and 26 %, respectively. That means, selection for better feed efficiency is not only an important economical but also an important ecological factor.

BREEDING FOR FEED EFFICIENCY: POULTRY

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. FAIRFULL ◽  
J. R. CHAMBERS
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Economic Traits ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Selection For

In egg-type poultry, variation in egg mass, body weight and change in body weight account for about 50–70% of the variation in feed consumed. In meat-type poultry, about 40% of the variation in feed consumption is attributable to variation in change of body weight (gain), and body weight itself. Past selection, primarily for egg numbers and egg size (egg mass) in egg stocks and for gain in meat stocks, has resulted in a correlated improvement in feed efficiency. Heterosis from breed or strain crosses contributes an average of 6% to improvement of feed efficiency in both egg and meat stocks. The success of direct selection for feed efficiency depends upon variation in feed consumption not attributable to economic traits in present poultry selection programs. There is evidence that such variation exists which could be successfully exploited in poultry. In egg stocks, the evidence is mainly from studies of variation within and between strains. In meat stocks, there is evidence from uni-trait selection studies as well as studies of within and between strain variation. The degree to which such selection would be successful in a multi-trait selection program and the economic viability of such success as compared to alternatives needs to be determined. Improvement of feed efficiency is possible by reducing feed requirements for maintenance and activity, by reducing behaviors causing feed wastage, or by reducing body fat to require less feed energy per unit gain. Feed wastage can be reduced by management techniques. Thus, the exploitation of feed-wasting behavior is not presently necessary. The best prospects are those associated with maintenance energy requirements in both egg and meat stocks of poultry, and the reduction of body fat in meat stocks. It is improbable that the opportunities for breeding to improve feed efficiency have been exhausted, much less identified. Key words: Breeding, feed efficiency, poultry, selection

scholarly journals Selection Response Due to Different Combination of Antagonistic Milk, Beef, and Morphological Traits in the Alpine Grey Cattle Breed

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1340
Author(s):  
Enrico Mancin ◽  
Cristina Sartori ◽  
Nadia Guzzo ◽  
Beniamino Tuliozi ◽  
Roberto Mantovani
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Functional Traits ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
Milk Traits ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
Selection Indexes

Selection in local dual-purpose breeds requires great carefulness because of the need to preserve peculiar traits and also guarantee the positive genetic progress for milk and beef production to maintain economic competitiveness. A specific breeding plan accounting for milk, beef, and functional traits is required by breeders of the Alpine Grey cattle (AG), a local dual-purpose breed of the Italian Alps. Hereditability and genetic correlations among all traits have been analyzed for this purpose. After that, different selection indexes were proposed to identify the most suitable for this breed. Firstly, a genetic parameters analysis was carried out with different datasets. The milk dataset contained 406,918 test day records of milk, protein, and fat yields and somatic cells (expressed as SCS). The beef dataset included performance test data conducted on 749 young bulls. Average daily gain, in vivo estimated carcass yields, and carcass conformation (SEUROP) were the phenotypes obtained from the performance tests. The morphological dataset included 21 linear type evaluations of 11,320 first party cows. Linear type traits were aggregated through factor analysis and three factors were retained, while head typicality (HT) and rear muscularity (RM) were analyzed as single traits. Heritability estimates (h2) for milk traits ranged from 0.125 to 0.219. Analysis of beef traits showed h2 greater than milk traits, ranging from 0.282 to 0.501. Type traits showed a medium value of h2 ranging from 0.238 to 0.374. Regarding genetic correlation, SCS and milk traits were strongly positively correlated. Milk traits had a negative genetic correlation with the factor accounting for udder conformations (−0.40) and with all performance test traits and RM. These latter traits showed also a negative genetic correlation with udder volume (−0.28). The HT and the factor accounting for rear legs traits were not correlated with milk traits, but negatively correlated with beef traits (−0.32 with RM). We argue that the consequence of these results is that the use of the current selection index, which is mainly focused on milk attitude, will lead to a deterioration of all other traits. In this study, we propose more appropriate selection indexes that account for genetic relationships among traits, including functional traits.

scholarly journals Association of Feed Efficiency, Feeding Rate, and Behaviour with the Milk Performance of Dairy Cows

Dairy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 684-694
Author(s):  
Lenka Krpálková ◽  
Niall O’Mahony ◽  
Anderson Carvalho ◽  
Sean Campbell ◽  
Gerard Corkery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Feeding Rate ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Milk Performance

Identification of the associations of cow feed efficiency with feeding behaviour and milk production is important for supporting recommendations of strategies that optimise milk yield. The objective of this study was to identify associations between measures of feed efficiency, feed intake, feeding rate, rumination time, feeding time, and milk production using data collected from 26 dairy cows during a 3 month period in 2018. Cows averaged (mean ± standard deviation) 2.2 ± 1.7 lactations, 128 ± 40 days in milk, 27.5 ± 5.5 kg/day milk, 1.95 ± 0.69 kg feed/1 kg milk—the measure used to express feed conversion ratio (FCR), 575 ± 72 min/day rumination time, and 264 ± 67 min/day feeding time during the observation period. The coefficient of variation for rumination time (min/d) was 12.5%. A mixed linear model was selected for analyses. The most feed inefficient cows with the highest FCR (≥2.6 kg feed/1 kg milk) showed the lowest milk yield (24.8 kg/day), highest feed intake (78.8 kg), highest feeding rate (0.26 kg/min) and BCS (3.35 point). However, the relative milk yield (milk yield per 100 kg of body weight) was the highest (4.01 kg/day) in the most efficient group with the lowest FCR (≤1.4 kg feed/1 kg milk). Our study showed that the most efficient cows with the lowest FCR (≤1.4 kg feed/1 kg milk) had the highest rumination time (597 min/day; p < 0.05), feeding time (298 min/day; p < 0.05), rumination/activity ratio (4.39; p < 0.05) and rumination/feeding ratio (2.04; p < 0.05). Less active cows (activity time 164 min/day; p < 0.05) were the most efficient cows with the lowest FCR (≤1.4 kg feed/1 kg milk). The behavioural differences observed in this study provide new insight into the association of feed behaviour and feed efficiency with milk performance. Incorporating feeding behaviour into the dry matter intake model can improve its accuracy in the future and benefit breeding programmes.

Reducing the cost of beef production through the genetic improvement of net feed efficiency

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 45-45
Author(s):  
R.M. Herd ◽  
J.A. Archer ◽  
P.F. Arthur ◽  
E.C. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Animal Production Systems

Feed is the single largest cost in most animal production systems. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) is a commonly used measure of growth efficiency. Previous research has shown that FCR is moderately heritable and highly related to growth rate. While selection for FCR is beneficial to those feeding growing cattle for slaughter, any associated increase in the size of breeding females will mean this benefit will be at a cost to the calf breeder, as larger breeding cows require more feed.

scholarly journals Genomic Loci Affecting Milk Production in German Black Pied Cattle (DSN)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Korkuć ◽  
Danny Arends ◽  
Katharina May ◽  
Sven König ◽  
Gudrun A. Brockmann
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Milk Production Traits ◽  
Milk Traits ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Reproduction Traits

German Black Pied cattle (DSN) is an endangered population of about 2,550 dual-purpose cattle in Germany. Having a milk yield of about 2,500 kg less than the predominant dairy breed Holstein, the preservation of DSN is supported by the German government and the EU. The identification of the genomic loci affecting milk production in DSN can provide a basis for selection decisions for genetic improvement of DSN in order to increase market chances through the improvement of milk yield. A genome-wide association analysis of 30 milk traits was conducted in different lactation periods and numbers. Association using multiple linear regression models in R was performed on 1,490 DSN cattle genotyped with BovineSNP50 SNP-chip. 41 significant and 20 suggestive SNPs affecting milk production traits in DSN were identified, as well as 15 additional SNPs for protein content which are less reliable due to high inflation. The most significant effects on milk yield in DSN were detected on chromosomes 1, 6, and 20. The region on chromosome 6 was located nearby the casein gene cluster and the corresponding haplotype overlapped the CSN3 gene (casein kappa). Associations for fat and protein yield and content were also detected. High correlation between traits of the same lactation period or number led to some SNPs being significant for multiple investigated traits. Half of all identified SNPs have been reported in other studies, previously. 15 SNPs were associated with the same traits in other breeds. The other associated SNPs have been reported previously for traits such as exterior, health, meat and carcass, production, and reproduction traits. No association could be detected between DGAT1 and other known milk genes with milk production traits despite the close relationship between DSN and Holstein. The results of this study confirmed that many SNPs identified in other breeds as associated with milk traits also affect milk traits in dual-purpose DSN cattle and can be used for further genetic analysis to identify genes and causal variants that affect milk production in DSN cattle.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN CAMPURAN ASAM AMINO ESENSIAL DAN KOLIN (AMINOVIT) DALAM PAKAN TRADISIONAL TERHADAP PENAMPILAN BABI BALI JANTAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
SUMADI I K. ◽  
I P. ARI ASTAWA ◽  
A. A. P. P. WIBAWA ◽  
A. W. PUGER
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
The Right

This study was conducted to know the right amount of amino acid and choline (Aminovit) mixture in traditionalfeeds on male bali pigs for 12 weeks. The design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with fourtreatments and each treatment consisted of 4 replications, so 16 male bali pigs using with a weight range of 11.60-14.10 kg. The feed treatment were P0 treatment: mixed base feed of 49.5% yellow maize and 49.5% pollard; P1:treatment P0 + 0,50% Aminovit; P2: P0 + 1.00% Aminovit; and P3: treatment P0 + 1.5 Aminovit. The performancemeasured were initial body weight, final body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio(FCR). The results showed that increasing Aminovite in the feed increased of final body weight, body weight gainand feed consumption, and feed efficiency.

Reducing the cost of beef production through the genetic improvement of net feed efficiency

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 45-45
Author(s):  
R.M. Herd ◽  
J.A. Archer ◽  
P.F. Arthur ◽  
E.C. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Animal Production Systems

Feed is the single largest cost in most animal production systems. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) is a commonly used measure of growth efficiency. Previous research has shown that FCR is moderately heritable and highly related to growth rate. While selection for FCR is beneficial to those feeding growing cattle for slaughter, any associated increase in the size of breeding females will mean this benefit will be at a cost to the calf breeder, as larger breeding cows require more feed.

scholarly journals Ruminal Bacterial Community Composition in Dairy Cows Is Dynamic over the Course of Two Lactations and Correlates with Feed Efficiency

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (14) ◽  
pp. 4697-4710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsea A. Jewell ◽  
Caroline A. McCormick ◽  
Christine L. Odt ◽  
Paul J. Weimer ◽  
Garret Suen
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Bacterial Community Composition ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Bacterial Microbiota

ABSTRACTFourteen Holstein cows of similar ages were monitored through their first two lactation cycles, during which ruminal solids and liquids, milk samples, production data, and feed consumption data were collected for each cow during early (76 to 82 days in milk [DIM]), middle (151 to 157 DIM), and late (251 to 257 DIM) lactation periods. The bacterial community of each ruminal sample was determined by sequencing the region from V6 to V8 of the 16S rRNA gene using 454 pyrosequencing. Gross feed efficiency (GFE) for each cow was calculated by dividing her energy-corrected milk by dry matter intake (ECM/DMI) for each period of both lactation cycles. Four pairs of cows were identified that differed in milk production efficiency, as defined by residual feed intake (RFI), at the same level of ECM production. The most abundant phyla detected for all cows wereBacteroidetes(49.42%),Firmicutes(39.32%),Proteobacteria(5.67%), andTenericutes(2.17%), and the most abundant genera includedPrevotella(40.15%),Butyrivibrio(2.38%),Ruminococcus(2.35%),Coprococcus(2.29%), andSucciniclasticum(2.28%). The bacterial microbiota between the first and second lactation cycles were highly similar, but with a significant correlation between total community composition by ruminal phase and specific bacteria whose relative sequence abundances displayed significant positive or negative correlation with GFE or RFI. These data suggest that the ruminal bacterial community is dynamic in terms of membership and diversity and that specific members are associated with high and low milk production efficiency over two lactation cycles.

scholarly journals Economic and environmental assessments of combined genetics and nutrition optimization strategies to improve efficiency of sustainable pork production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Soleimani ◽  
S Hermesch ◽  
H Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Land Occupation ◽  
Pig Production ◽  
Environmental Objectives ◽  
Individual Trait ◽  
Selection For

Abstract We evaluated the economic and environmental impacts of strategies that incorporated selection for pig feed:gain and dietary optimization based on a single or multiple objectives tailored to meet the population’s nutritional requirements, with the goal to optimize sustainable farm feed efficiency. The economic and environmental features of the strategy were evaluated using life cycle assessment (LCA) and bio-economic models. An individual trait-based LCA model was applied to evaluate global warming potential (GWP), terrestrial acidification potential (AP), freshwater eutrophication potential (EP), and land occupation (LO) of the combined genetics and nutrition optimization to produce 1kg of live pig weighing 120kg at the farm gate. A parametric individual trait-based bio-economic model was developed and applied to determine the cost breakdown, revenue and profit to be gained from a 120kg live pig at the farm gate. Applying the combined genetics and nutrition optimization, the individual performance traits of pigs from two genetic lines with contrasted levels of feed efficiency were simulated with InraPorc in response to diets formulated for least cost, least environmental impacts, or minimum combination of cost and environmental impacts objectives, and accounting for the nutritional requirements of each line. Significant differences in the environmental impacts (P &lt; 0.0001) and profit (P &lt; 0.05) between lines predicted the same reference diet showed that selection for feed efficiency (residual feed intake, RFI) in pigs improves pig production sustainability. When pig responses were simulated with their line optimized diets, except for EP, all the line environmental impacts were less (P &lt; 0.05) than with the reference diet. The high correlations of feed conversion ratio (FCR) with the environmental impacts (&gt; 0.82) and the profit (&lt; -0.88) in both lines underline the importance of feed efficiency as a lever for the sustainability of pig production systems. Implementing combined genetics and nutrition optimization, the inherent profit and environmental differences between the genetic lines was predicted to be reduced from 23.4% with the reference diet to 7.6% with the diet optimized jointly for economic and environmental objectives (joint diet). Consequently, for increased pig sustainability, diet optimization for sustainability objectives should be applied to cover the specific nutritional requirements arising in the herd from the pigs’ genetic level.

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