scholarly journals Renal responses of reindeer to high and low protein diet and sodium supplement

1979 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 381-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maija Valtonen
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Urea Excretion ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Urea Reabsorption ◽  
Solute Excretion ◽  
Sodium Chloride Intake

The effects of reducing dietary nitrogen and increasing sodium chloride intake on renal function were studied in reindeer in order so elucidate the extent of urea conservation and solute excretion by the reindeer kidney. The fall in plasma urea concentration and urea excretion on the low protein diet was accompanied by a significant reduction in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and urine osmolality. The fraction of filtered urea reabsorbed increased. However, the contribution of the fall of the GFR to restriction of urinary losses of urea was far more significant than the increase in fractional urea reabsorption. The increase in sodium chloride intake reflected in icreased urinary sodium excretion, inducing a rise in urine osmolality on the low protein diet. Increased excretion of sodium was accompanied by decreased urea excretion. This interdependence of urea and sodium in urine excretion was particularly pronounced during the mating season in the autumn, when prominent retention of electrolytes and water was observed. On low protein diet, when reindeer were exposed to cold, the energy intake proved insufficient. The use of body protein as energy source resulted in increased plasma urea values. The fractional reabsorption of urea decreased, but the GFR stayed low. The GFR seems to be unaffected by plasma urea concentrations but is in some way regulated by the intake of dietary protein. Also on lichen diet the intake was not sufficient to satisfy the energy requirements and the plasma urea concentrations increased. The urea excretion was still low due to a decreased GFR. The high moisture content of lichen caused an increase in the urine water excretion, but no increase occured in the solute excretion. The rumen ammonia concentrations correlated significantly with the plasma urea concentrations, showing that urea is readily returned to the rumen in reindeer. The restriction of urea excretion on low protein intake contributes to the nitrogen economy and in reindeer it is brought about by a marked decrease in the GFR together with an increase in the urea reabsorption.

Low-protein diet promotes sodium chloride-enhanced gastric carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in Wistar rats

1999 ◽  
Vol 141 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 117-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyasu Iishi ◽  
Masaharu Tatsuta ◽  
Miyako Baba ◽  
Ryuto Hirasawa ◽  
Noriko Sakai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Gastric Carcinogenesis ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein

scholarly journals Changes in the renal handling of urea in sheep on a low protein diet exposed to saline drinking water

2004 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Meintjes ◽  
H. Engelbrecht
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Isotonic Saline ◽  
Fractional Excretion ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Urea Excretion ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Urea Reabsorption

Previous trials have demonstrated that sheep on a low protein diet and free access to water, and sheep dosed with boluses of NaCl intraruminally also with free access to water, showed decreases in urea loss via the urine compared to control animals. We monitored urea excretion in sheep on a relatively poor protein diet when they were exposed to saline drinking water, i.e. they were unable to vary their intake of NaCl:water. Sheep on isotonic saline drinking water (phase 3) excreted significantly more urea via the urine (284 mM/day) compared to phase 1 when they were on non-saline drinking water (urea excretion = 230 mM/day) and phase 2 when they were on half isotonic saline drinking water (urea excretion = 244 mM/day).This finding was explained by the high glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 91.9 ℓ/day, compared to 82.4 ℓ/day (phase 1) and 77.9 ℓ/day (phase 2), together with a significantly raised fractional excretion of urea (FEurea) (51.1 %) during this phase, and was in spite of the significantly lower plasma concentrations of urea in phase 3 compared to phase 1. The FEurea probably results from the osmotic diuresis caused by the salt. There were indications of a raised plasma antidiuretic hormone (ADH) concentration and this would have opposed urea loss, as ADH promotes urea reabsorption. However, this ADH effect was probably counteracted to some extent by a low plasma angiotensin II concentration, for which again there were indications, inhibiting urea reabsorption during the phases of salt loading. As atrial natriuretic peptide both increases GFR and decrease sodium reabsorption from the tubule, it was probably instrumental in causing the increase in GFR and the increase in the fractional excretion of sodium (FENa).

Plasma urea nitrogen as an indicator of protein quality. I. Factors affecting the concentration of urea in the blood of the preruminant lamb

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
RD Kirk ◽  
DM Walker
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Gross Energy

Preruminant male crossbred lambs, aged between 2 days and 5 weeks, were given milk replacers of low (0.10 of total energy as protein) or medium (0.28) protein content. Plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) values were unaffected by: the time of blood sampling within 9 hr after feeding; the age of the lamb, between 3 and 33 days; the lamb's intake of the medium protein diet (range, 500–1180 kJ gross energy/day per kg0.73 storage of plasma samples at –15°C for 5 months before analysis; fasting of lambs for 4 days; feeding of lambs on a nitrogen-free diet for 7 days. PUN values were significantly increased by: an increase in the dietary protein concentration; a reduction in the lamb's intake of the low protein diet below 840 kJ gross energy/day per kg0.73 (negative nitrogen balance); an increase in the dry matter content of the medium protein diet from 0.10 to 0.25; the addition of urea to the low protein diet (peak values 4–6 hr after feeding). PUN values estimated on successive days reflected a change in the protein content of the diet within 3–4 days, regardless of whether the change in protein concentration was from low to medium, or medium to low. It is concluded that PUN values can be used to evaluate protein quality only when experimental conditions are strictly controlled. Blood samples taken without regard to the above factors may give misleading results.

Hepatic Ultrastructure Changes Induced by Lithocholic Acid

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 162-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. Zaki
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Lithocholic Acid ◽  
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Hydropic Degeneration ◽  
Hepatic Cells ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Microscopic Studies

Addition of lithocholic acid (LCA), a naturally occurring bile acid in mammals, to a low protein diet fed to rats induced marked inflammatory reaction in the hepatic cells followed by hydropic degeneration and ductular cell proliferation. These changes were accompanied by dilatation and hyperplasia of the common bile duct and formation of “gallstones”. All these changes were reversible when LCA was withdrawn from the low protein diet except for the hardened gallstones which persisted.Electron microscopic studies revealed marked alterations in the hepatic cells. Early changes included disorganization, fragmentation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and detachment of its ribosomes. Free ribosomes, either singly or arranged in small clusters were frequently seen in most of the hepatic cells. Vesiculation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum was often encountered as early as one week after the administration of LCA (Fig. 1).

Economic Effects of Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease with Low-Protein Diet

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Saverio Mennini ◽  
Simone Russo ◽  
Andrea Marcellusi ◽  
Giuseppe Quintaliani ◽  
Denis Fouque
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein

scholarly journals PSIV-6 Effect of a Phytogenic Water Additive on Growth Performance, Blood Metabolites and Gene Expression of Amino Acids Transporters in Nursery Pigs Fed with Low Protein Diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 281-282
Author(s):  
Cedrick N Shili ◽  
Mohammad Habibi ◽  
Julia Sutton ◽  
Jessie Barnes ◽  
Jacob Burchkonda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Mrna Abundance ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Blood Calcium ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Standard Protein

Abstract Moderately low protein (MLP) diets can help decrease nutrient excretion from the swine production. However, MLP diets negatively impact growth performance. We hypothesized that supplementing MLP diets with phytogenics may reduce the negative effects of these diets on growth. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a phytogenic water additive (PWA; Herbanimal®) on growth performance, blood metabolite and gene expression of amino acids transporters in pigs fed with MLP diets. Forty-eight weaned barrows were allotted to six dietary treatments (n = 8) for 4 weeks: >CON-NS: standard protein diet-no PWA; CON-LS: standard protein diet-low PWA dose (4 ml/L); CON-HS: standard protein diet-high PWA dose (8 ml/L); LP-NS: low protein diet-no PWA; LP-LS: low protein diet-low PWA dose (4 ml/L); LP-HS: low protein diet- high PWA dose (8 ml/L). Feed intake and body weight were recorded daily and weekly, respectively. At week 4, blood and tissue samples were collected and analyzed for metabolites using a chemistry analyzer and amino acid transporters using qPCR, respectively. The data were analyzed by univariate GLM (SPSS®) and the means were separated using paired Student’s t-test corrected by Benjamini-Hochberg. Pigs fed CON-HS improved the average daily gain and serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations compared to CON-NS. Pigs fed LP-LS had higher serum phosphorus and blood urea nitrogen compared to the pigs fed with LP-NS. The mRNA abundance of SLC7A11 in the jejunum was lower in CON-LS and CON-HS compared to CON-NS. Additionally, mRNA abundance of SLC6A19 in the jejunum of pigs fed with LP-LS was higher compared to LP-NS and lower in CON-HS relative to pigs fed with CON-LS. In conclusion, PWA improved the growth performance of pigs fed standard protein diets but not low protein diets. Further, the PWA improved the concentrations of blood calcium and phosphorous in pigs fed MLP diets. Funding: Agrivida and Animal Health and Production and Animal Products: Improved Nutritional Performance, Growth, and Lactation of Animals from the USDA-NIFA.

Effect of low-protein diet and its duration on hair composition

1977 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. M. Metwalli ◽  
S. I. Salem ◽  
S. L. Abdel-Razik
Keyword(s):  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein
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