scholarly journals Utilization of untreated and formaldhyde treated skimmilk powder and skimmilk powder-barley pellets by ruminants

1978 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-176
Author(s):  
Liisa Syrjälä ◽  
Eeva-Liisa Syväoja ◽  
Marjatta Boman
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rumen Content ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Pelleted Diet

The utilization of spray-dried fat free milk powder in three different froms 1) untreated, 2) treated with formaldehyde (0.4 g formaldehyde/100 g crude protein) and 3) pelleted with barley meal (30 % milk powder and 70 % barley meal) was studied with three rumen-fistulated dairy cows according to a 3 x 3 Latin square. The effects of different treatments were investigated with respect to rumen fermentation, microbial determinations and milk and blood analyses. The basic feed in every diet consisted of hay, grass silage, barley, oats, mineral and vitamin mixtures. Feeding was according to nutrient requirement. In each diet 25 % of the DCP required for milk production was replaced with milk protein. The NH3 concentration in the rumen fluid was lowest on the pelleted diet followed by the formaldehyde treated and untreated skimmilk powder diets, the differences only being significant between the pelleted and untreated diets. The pH values were significantly higher on the pelleted diet than on the other diets. The VFA content of the rumen fluid was similar on the different diets. The total amount of rumen ciliates was highest on the untreated skimmilk powder diet and lowest on the pelleted diet. The quantity of bacteria was however lower on the untreated skimmilk powder diet than on the other diets. Bacteria constituted 72—88 % of the total microbe mass on the different diets. The total microbe mass consisted of the following percentages of rumen content on the different diets: untreated 3.3 %, formaldehyde treated 3.2 % and pelleted diet 2,9 %. No effects on the milk yields and blood contents were found with the different treatments of skimmilk powder. Milk protein-% was significantly higher on the untreated skimmilk powder diet than on the pelleted diet.

scholarly journals Replacing grass silage with pea-barley intercrop silage in the feeding of the dairy cow

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 235 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. PURSIAINEN ◽  
M. TUORI
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Barley Silage

The effect of replacing wilted grass silage (GS) with pea-barley intercrop silage (PBS) on feed intake, diet digestibility and milk production was studied with 8 multiparous Ayrshire-cows in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square experiment. Proportion of PBS was 0 (PBS0), 33 (PBS33), 67 (PBS67) or 100 (PBS100) % of silage dry matter (DM). The DM content was 559 and 255 g kg-1 for GS and PBS. Crude protein content was 131 and 170 g kg-1 DM, respectively. Pea-barley silage was more extensively fermented than GS with total fermentation acid content of 120 vs. 12 g kg-1 DM. Silage was fed for ad libitum intake and supplemented with on the average 13 kg concentrate per day. Silage DM intake was 9.2 (PBS0), 9.7 (PBS33), 9.0 (PBS67) and 7.1 (PBS100) kg per day (Pquadr. < 0.05). The energy corrected milk yield [30.3 (PBS0), 29.8 (PBS33), 30.3 (PBS67), 31.3 (PBS100) kg per day] was not significantly affected by the treatment. Milk protein concentration decreased linearly (P < 0.05) in response to feeding PBS. It is concluded that PBS can replace up to two thirds of wilted, moderate quality GS in the feeding of dairy cows because in this experiment pure pea-barley silage reduced silage intake.

WHOLE CROP BARLEY AS CONSERVED FORAGE FOR LACTATING COWS

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER ◽  
J. R. LESSARD ◽  
G. A. LODGE
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Body Weight Change ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Three Stages

Whole crop barley harvested as hay at the milk stage and at three stages of maturity as silage was fed to each of 16 lactating cows, over successive periods of 49 days each, according to a simple changeover design. The barley hay and barley silages contained 86.2, 26.1, 33.4, and 47.9% dry matter (DM), 14.2, 12.5, 11.1, and 9.2% crude protein, and 31.1, 34.1, 29.2, and 28.0% crude fiber for the hay, milk, soft dough, and firm dough stages of maturity, respectively. Forage DM intake was significantly lower (P < 0.05) for hay than for any of the silages and for the milk stage silage than for the more mature silages. There were no significant effects of diet on milk yield, but milk protein content was significantly lower (P < 0.05) and lactose content significantly higher (P < 0.05) when milk stage silage was fed compared with hay or the other silages. The ratio of acetate to propionate in the rumen fluid was significantly greater (P < 0.05) for cows fed hay than when fed silage. The apparent digestibilities of forage DM were 59.2, 59.4, 59.0, and 55.9% and the efficiencies of digestible energy utilization of complete rations corrected for body weight change were 49.1, 43.9, 42.2, and 42.3% for barley hay, and silages at the milk, soft dough, and firm dough stages of maturity, respectively.

scholarly journals The effect of processing treatments on the rumen microbial digestion in vitro of skimmilk powder protein

1978 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-154
Author(s):  
Eeva-Liisa Syväoja ◽  
Matti Kreula
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
The Other ◽  
Barley Flour ◽  
Flour Protein ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment

The microbial degradation of the protein of skimmilk powders manufactured and treated in different ways (high-, medium-, and low-heat spray, instant, roller, formaldehyde-treated spray) and milk powder products (skimmilk powder-wheat flour granules, skimmilk powder-barley flour pellets) was determined in anaerobic, rumen simulating conditions in vitro. The tests showed that milk protein was decomposed rapidly and extensively in rumen fluid buffer. The heat treatment had a slight N solubility-reducing effect. Formaldehyde treatment decreased the degradation of the protein at the beginning of the incubation, but this effect became smaller as incubation proceeded. After 48 h the N solubility of the treated skimmilk powder was about the same as that of untreated spray powder. The variation in the in vitro N solubility of formaldehyde-treated skimmilk powder was greater than with the other powders and products. The skimmilk powder-wheat flour granules were hard products which remained indigestible for several hours. At the end of the microbial digestion test the addition of skimmilk powder increased the N solubility of wheat flour protein. On the basis of the results obtained from the digestion test on a pelleted skimmilk powder-barley flour product it can be assumed also that the addition of skimmilk powder caused an increase in the N solubility of barley flour protein.

The effects of carbohydrate supplements on ruminal concentrations of ammonia in animals given diets of grass silage

1985 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Chamberlain ◽  
P. C. Thomas ◽  
Wilma Wilson ◽  
C. J. Newbold ◽  
J. C. Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Ammonia Release ◽  
Sugar Fermentation ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
N Compounds

SummaryA total of 15 rumen-cannulated sheep and four rumen-cannulated goats (Expt 3) were used in five latin square experiments designed to investigate the effects of carbohydrate supplements on ruminal ammonia concentration in animals given grass silage diets. In Expt 1 barley supplements were given at the same time, 1 h before or 2 h before a meal of silage. The treatments were designed to alter the synchronization between energy release from fermentation of barley and ammonia release from the degradation of silage N compounds. As compared with the unsupplemented control diet, barley supplements reduced (P < 0–05) rumen ammonia concentration and increased (P < 0–01) the number of total protozoa, but the time at which barley was given was without effect. In Expt 2 animals receiving silage or silage-barley diets were defaunated chemically. This treatment led to a 20–25 % reduction in rumen ammonia concentration. In Expt 3 supplements of maize starch, glucose and sucrose were compared. Mean ammonia concentrations were 231 mg/1 for the control unsupplemented diet and 205, 155 and 160 mg/1 (S.E. 21) for the starch, glucose and sucrose treatments. Corresponding numbers of protozoa were 7–7, 15–1, 6–1 and 6–3 x 10s/ml (S.E. 1–8). In Expt 4 the diets were unsupplemented silage or the same diet plus supplements of sucrose or xylose. Xylose reduced ammonia concentration more than sucrose, the values (mg/1) being 236 (control), 206 (sucrose) and 125 (xylose) (S.E. 19). There was no difference between the supplements in numbers of protozoa. Xylose induced a smaller reduction in pH, a higher (P < 0–05) proportion of acetate and a lower (P < 0–05) proportion of butyrate in rumen fluid than did sucrose. Effects of rumen pH were examined in Expt 5 where supplements of sucrose were given alone or together with NaHCO3. Rumen pH values were 6–38 for the control unsupplemented diet and 5–99, 6–28 and 6–55 (S.E. 0–06) for the diets supplemented with sucrose, sucrose plus 50 g NaHC03 and sucrose plus 100 g NaHCO3. Corresponding values for ruminal ammonia were 193, 151, 93 and 41 mg/1 (S.E. 10). Differences in VFA proportions between sucrose treatments were small and significant (P < 0–05) only for butyrate. It is concluded that there are important differences between carbohydrate sources in their effects on nitrogen metabolism in the rumen. Differences between starch and sugars appear to relate to the influence of the carbohydrates on the microbial population of the rumen, as was indicated by the differential effects of the carbohydrate sources on the number of total protozoa; differences between sugars appear to depend in part on the rates of sugar fermentation and the associated reduction in rumen pH.

EFFECTS OF LYSINE INFUSION PER ABOMASUM OF STEERS FED CONTINUOUSLY

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. BOILA ◽  
T. J. DEVLIN
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Body Tissue ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms

Four dairy steers were allotted to four lysine infusion levels in a 4 × 4 latin square design and fed an 11.5% crude protein (90% dry matter (DM)) diet continuously (10-min intervals every 24 hr). Lysine hydrochloride equivalent to 0.0, 3.0, 6.0, and 9.0 g lysine per day was infused per abomasum. When 9 g lysine were infused per day, the percent of absorbed nitrogen (N) retained was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced; urinary N excretion as a percentage of N intake and plasma-free lysine were increased significantly compared with the other three infusion treatments. The infusion of 9 g lysine per day apparently exceeded the body tissue requirements for this amino acid and the excess N was excreted in the urine. A possibility of lysine being limiting (0.28% lysine of a 100% DM diet) was apparently offset by the synthesis of lysine by rumen microorganisms, which increased the dietary lysine two- to threefold. Increased levels of infused lysine did not result in a linear increase of lysine in the abomasum. With 3 g per day lysine infusion rumen ammonia and N retentions were high. However, a smaller amount of N reached the abomasum with steers on this treatment.

The Effect of Level of Supplement Feeding and Source of Protein on Milk Production and Nutrient Flows of Dairy Cows

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 142-142
Author(s):  
F.P. O'Mara ◽  
J.J. Murphy ◽  
M. Rath
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nutrient Flows ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Bacterial Marker ◽  
Friesian Cows

Milk protein synthesis may be limited by amino acid (AA) flow to the duodenum. This can be increased by increasing the flow of microbial AA's or undegraded feed AA's. This experiment was carried out to determine the effect on milk production and nutrient flows at the duodenum of including fishmeal (120g/kg) in the supplement to grass silage at two levels of supplement feeding.The treatments, arranged in a 2x2 factorial, were 1.) 3.5 kg/day of 0% fishmeal supplement (L-UDP), 2.) 7 kg/day of L-UDP, 3.) 3.5 kg/day of 12% fishmeal supplement (H-UDP), and 4.) 7 kg/day of H-UDP. Supplements were fed to 3 6 Friesian cows in a 4x4 multiple Latin-square trial with three week periods to determine production responses, and to four ruminally and duodenally cannulated cows to determine rumen fermentation and nutrient flows. Flows were determined by the dual marker technique of Faichney (1975) using cobalt-EDTA and ytterbium acetate as liquid and solid phase markers respectively. Purines were used as the bacterial marker (Zinn and Owens, 1986). Degradability of the feeds was measured in 3 other cows using the small bag technique described by De Boer et al. (1987).

Further studies on the fattening value of grass silage and on the effect of the dry-matter percentage of the diet on dry-matter intake in ruminants

1954 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Dodsworth
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Weight Gains

1. A feeding trial is described including four groups of cattle fed on silage only, two mixtures of silage and roots, and roots, straw, hay and oats.2. The live-weight gains made are recorded together with the rate of dry-matter intake.3. The efficiency of the dry matter of the diets was calculated.4. Silage fed alone produced a significantly greater rate of fattening than the other three diets.5. Cattle receiving roots in the morning and silage at night consumed 10·78% more dry matter and made greater live-weight gains than cattle fed on silage in the morning and roots at night.6. Calculation of the starch values of the roots and silage showed that these are higher when fed together than when silage is fed alone or when roots are fed with straw, hay and oats.7. An experiment is described designed to determine the effect of the dry-matter percentage of the diet on dry-matter intake in ruminants and of sudden changes in dry-matter content on digestibility.8. Sheep receiving 19·46% dry-matter silage consumed 16·7% more dry matter and 19·8% more starch equivalent than sheep eating 15·85% dry-matter silage.9. When the dry-matter percentage of the silage fell from 19·46 to 15·77 the digestibility of the dry matter fell by over 10%.10. The starch equivalent of the silage when fed alone was determined from the results of a digestibility trial and according to the performance of the cattle in the feeding trial. The values found were 65·88 and 66·15% respectively.11. The losses suffered in silage-making in twentyfive silos are recorded and discussed. The loss of dry matter and crude protein both average approximately 40% of that ensiled. The need for finding methods of reducing these losses is again stressed.

scholarly journals Rumen fill and digesta kinetics in lactating Friesian cows given two levels of concentrates with two types of grass silage ad lib

1991 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Gasa ◽  
K. Holtenius ◽  
J. D. Sutton ◽  
M. S. Dhanoa ◽  
D. J. Napper
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Rate Constant ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Fractional Rate ◽  
Fibre Degradation ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Resting Period ◽  
Friesian Cows

Four lactating Friesian cows with permanent cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were given early (EC)- or late (LC)-cut grass silage ad lib., each with either 3 or 9 kg concentrate dry matter (DM)/d in a 4 x 4 Latin square design starting about 10 weeks after calving. Feed was offered twice daily at 08.30 hours and 15.30 hours. Periods lasted 5 weeks and measurements were made in the last 15 d. The higher amount of concentrates increased total DM intake but reduced silage DM intake and the fractional rate of degradation of silage-fibre DM. Later cutting date of silage had no effect on DM intake or the fractional rate of degradation of silage-fibre DM but reduced potential degradability of silage fibre. Dilution rate of CoEDTA in rumen fluid was greater during the day (eating period) than during the night (resting period). Dilution rates measured at the duodenum were lower than those measured in the rumen, but neither was affected by diet. Silage-particle passage rates were measured by use of ytterbium-labelled silage fibre (Yb-fibre) and chromium-mordanted faecal particles (Cr-faeces) and samples were taken at the duodenum and in the faeces. Values for slower rate constant (k1) and transit time were higher and for faster rate constant (k2) were lower for Yb-fibre than for Cr-faeces, but differences in total mean retention time were inconsistent. Values for k1 for both markers and k2 for Yb-fibre only were similar at both sampling sites, but values for k2 for Cr-faeces were lower in the faeces. No diet effects were established with Yb-fibre but, with Cr-faeces, k1 was reduced by more concentrates and EC-silage. Daily mean weights of wet digesta, liquid, neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) and indigestible NDF in the rumen were greater with LC-silage but were unaffected by the amount of concentrates whereas weight of rumen DM was increased by the amount of concentrates only. Maximum rumen fill occurred at 18.00 hours with all diets. Particle-size distribution of rumen contents did not vary markedly during the day. Mean particle size was generally greater with LC-silage than EC-silage. Very small particles, passing through the 0.3 mm screen, constituted about half the rumen DM. It is concluded that rumen fill could have limited intake of LC-silage but not EC-silage. The reduced silage intake with greater concentrate intake was associated with a reduction in fibre degradation rate and an increase in rumen DM fill but no other consistent effects on weight or kinetics of rumen fractions were established.

The influence of concentrate amount on locomotion and clinical lameness in dairy cattle

1988 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Manson ◽  
J. D. Leaver
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Weekly Basis ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Predisposing Causes

ABSTRACTAn experiment with two groups of 24 cows during weeks 3 to 22 of lactation examined the influence of 7 (L) or 11 (H) kg concentrates per day on the prevalence of lameness. Grass silage was offeredad libitum. The cows were scored on a 1 to 5 scale for their locomotion on a weekly basis (1 = normal locomotion; 5 = severely lame). Cows scoring 3 or more were considered to be clinically lame. This allowed the prevalence of lameness, its severity and duration to be measured and statistically analysed. There were significantly more observations of lameness in the H cows than the L cows (0·077 and 0·021 observations per cow week) and the severity and duration of lameness incidents were significantly greater. The major causes of lameness were solar problems in the hind feet. The prevalence declined in both treatments as lactation progressed. The predisposing causes of the higher incidence in treatment H could have been the higher concentrate: forage ratio, the greater daily metabolizable energy intake or the greater daily crude protein intake. For treatments L and H, mean milk yields were 20·5, 23·7 kg/day; milk fat 41·7, 39·0 g/kg; milk protein 31·4, 32·0 g/kg; live-weight change -0·12, +0·11 kg/day; and condition score 2·04, 2·18.

Maize silage and Italian ryegrass silage as high-energy forages in organic dairy cow diets: Differences in feed intake, milk yield and quality, and nitrogen efficiency

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 378-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Baldinger ◽  
W. Zollitsch ◽  
W.F. Knaus
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Organic Dairy

AbstractDuring the winter feeding period in organic dairy production systems in the alpine and pre-alpine regions of Austria and its neighboring countries, maize silage is an energy-rich forage that is regularly included in grass-silage-based diets to improve the energy supply of the cows. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumLam.) is also a high-energy fodder grass popular as forage for dairy cows, but it is rarely cultivated in Austrian organic agriculture. The two crops differ in their cultivation demands and characteristics. Italian ryegrass establishes rapidly and may reduce the risk of soil erosion. Italian ryegrass would be a beneficial addition to crop rotation, which is an essential tool in successful organic farming. In a 15-week feeding trial, Italian ryegrass silage and maize silage were fed to 22 lactating Holstein dairy cows. Organically produced Italian ryegrass silage and maize silage were included at a rate of 40% [of dry matter (DM)] in grass-silage-based mixed basal diets. The mixed basal diets were supplemented with modest amounts of additional concentrates (2.7–3.0 kg DM day−1). Owing to the higher energy content of maize silage as compared to Italian ryegrass silage, the maize diet provided more energy [6.3 MJ net energy for lactation (NEL) kg−1DM] than the ryegrass diet (6.15 MJ NEL kg−1DM). The protein supply of the maize diet and the ryegrass diet was intended to be equal, but in fact the protein content of the maize diet was significantly lower (122 g crude protein kg−1DM) than that of the ryegrass diet (141 g kg−1DM). When the maize diet was fed, feed intake, milk yield and milk protein content were significantly higher as compared to the ryegrass diet. Also, intake of crude protein was significantly lower when feeding the maize diet, and in combination with the higher milk protein yield, this enabled an efficiency of gross nitrogen (N) utilization as high as 0.304. This level of N efficiency can be considered as above average and was significantly and considerably higher than the level of 0.259 observed when the ryegrass diet was fed. Therefore, maize silage upholds its reputation as an ideal energy-rich component in grass-silage-based dairy cow diets.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document