scholarly journals The volume weight of the organic matter in the plough layer of peat lands cultivated by different methods

1961 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 248-255
Author(s):  
Yrjö Pessi
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Improvement ◽  
Favourable Effect ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Volume Weight ◽  
Cultivation Methods ◽  
Plough Layer ◽  
Humus Soil

The investigation is a report of the results from determinations of the volume weight of the organic matter in the plough layer of cultivated peat lands. They are believed to justify the following conclusions. As a consequence of continued cultivation through several decades, the volume weight of the organic matter in the plough layer increases. Owing to the fact that cultivation also adds plant residues and root substance to the soil of the plough layer, this increase cannot be positively attributed to the favourable effect of the cultivation measures on the humification of the peat alone, though this effect is certainly thought to be at least partially responsible. The increase of the volume weight is also thought to be one of the reasons why peat lands in the course of continued cultivation gradually evolve a closer resemblance to humus soil. The cultivation methods influence the change in volume weight of the organic matter. Fertilizing, liming and addition of mineral soil for soil improvement usually produce an increase in the volume weight.

scholarly journals The pH-reaction of the peat in long-term soil improvement and fertilizing trials at the Leteensuo experimental station

1962 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yrjö Pessi
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Soil Improvement ◽  
Experimental Station ◽  
Stable Manure ◽  
Plough Layer ◽  
Sphagnum Bog ◽  
Nitrate Fertilization

The investigation is a report on the pH-reaction in the plough layer of the soil improvement and fertilizing tests carried on at the Experimental Station of Leteensuo during several decades. The tests were located on two areas with a peat layer consisting of Sphagnum peat with pH 3.3, derived from S. fuscum moss in one case, and of forest sedge peat with pH 4.1 in the other. The clay and sand employed as soil improving agents had pH 5.9 and 4.4, respectively. The effect of liming has proved to be relatively prolonged on Sphagnum bog as well as on fen soil. In the test with different rates of lime addition on Sphagnum bog, the pH value was found to increase linearly with the lime quantity. Addition of mineral soil has produced a remarkable increase in pH. Its effect, too, has been highly prolonged. In spite of their different inherent reactions, the sand and clay have exerted largely similar effects on the pH value of the plough layer. Stable manure possesses an effect resulting in an increase of the pH value and this value is also increased by calcium nitrate fertilization, whereas fertilizing with potassium salt and with superphosphate or fine-ground rock phosphate did not affect the reaction of the peat in any noteworthy and distinct degree.

Characterisation of production of organic rich topsoil from sludge

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 195-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Andreasen ◽  
P. B. Mortensen ◽  
A. Stubsgaard ◽  
B. Langdahl
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Transport ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Soil Mixture ◽  
Water Suspension ◽  
Aerobic Process ◽  
Stable Product

The stabilisation of a sludge-mineral soil mixture and a method to evaluate the state of stabilisation were investigated. The organic matter and nitrogen content are reduced up to 50% during a stabilisation process of three months under Danish climatic conditions. The stabilisation was shown to be an aerobic process limited by oxygen transport within the mixture. The degree of stabilisation was evaluated by oxygen consumption in a water suspension and the results showed that a stable product was achieved when oxygen consumption was stable and in the level of natural occurring aerobic soils (0.1 mgO2/(g DS*hr). The study thereby demonstrates that a stability of a growth media can be controlled by the oxygen consumption method tested.

scholarly journals Chemical and Phytocoenological Characteristics of Two Different Slovak Peatlands

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1290
Author(s):  
Danica Fazekašová ◽  
Gabriela Barančíková ◽  
Juraj Fazekaš ◽  
Lenka Štofejová ◽  
Ján Halas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Statistical Testing ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Soil Reaction ◽  
Chemical Parameters

This paper presents the results of pedological and phytocoenological research focused on the detailed research of chemical parameters (pH, organic carbon, and nutrients), risk elements (As-metalloid, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn), and species composition of the vegetation of two different peatlands on the territory of Slovakia—Belianske Lúky (a fen) and Rudné (a bog). Sampling points were selected to characterize the profile of the organosol within the peatland, the soil profile between the peatland and the agricultural land, and the soil profile of the outlying agricultural land, which is used as permanent grassland. Based on phytocoenological records, a semi-quantitative analysis of taxa in accordance with the Braun–Blanquet scale was performed. The study revealed that the thickness of the peat horizon of the fen in comparison with the bog is very low. In terms of the quality of organic matter, the monitored peatlands are dominated by fresh plant residues such as cellulose and lignin. Differences between individual types of peatlands were also found in the soil reaction and the supply of nitrogen to the organic matter of peat. The values of the soil exchange reaction were neutral on the fen, as well as slightly alkaline but extremely low on the bog. A significantly higher nitrogen supply was found in the organic matter of the fen in contrast to the bog. At the same time, extremely low content of accessible P and an above-limit content of As in the surface horizons were also found on the fen. From the phytocoenological point of view, 22 plant species were identified on the fen, while only five species were identified on the bog, which also affected the higher diversity (H’) and equitability (e). The results of the statistical testing confirmed the diversity of the studied peatlands and the different impact of environmental variables on plant diversity.

scholarly journals ORGANIC CARBON DYNAMICS IN GRASSLAND SOILS. 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SIMULATION

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. VAN VEEN ◽  
E. A. PAUL
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Decomposition Rates ◽  
Straw Decomposition ◽  
Soil Biomass ◽  
The World

The decomposition rates of 14C-labelled plant residues in different parts of the world were characterized and mathematically simulated. The easily decomposable materials, cellulose and hemicellulose, were described as being decomposed directly by the soil biomass; the lignin fraction of aboveground residues and the resistant portion of the roots entered a decomposable native soil organic matter. Here it could be decomposed by the soil biomass or react with other soil constituents in the formation of more recalcitrant soil organic matter. The transformation rates were considered to be independent of biomass size (first–order). Data from 14C plant residue incorporation studies which yielded net decomposition rates of added materials and from carbon dating of the recalcitrant soil organic matter were transformed to gross decomposition rate constants for three soil depths. The model adequately described soil organic matter transformations under native grassland and the effect of cultivation on organic matter levels. Correction for microbial growth and moisture and temperature variations showed that the rate of wheat straw decomposition, based on a full year in the field in southern Saskatchewan, was 0.05 that under optimal laboratory conditions. The relative decay rates for plant residues during the summer months of the North American Great Plains was 0.1 times that of the laboratory. Comparison with data from other parts of the world showed an annual relative rate of 0.12 for straw decomposition in England, whereas gross decomposition rates in Nigeria were 0.5 those of laboratory rates. Both the decomposable and recalcitrant organic matter were found to be affected by the extent of physical protection within the soil. The extent of protection was simulated and compared to data from experimental studies on the persistence of 14C-labelled amino acids in soil. The extent of protection influenced the steady-state levels of soil carbon upon cultivation more than did the original decomposition rates of the plant residues.

scholarly journals Density fractions versus size separates: does physical fractionation isolate functional soil compartments?

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 5181-5197 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Moni ◽  
D. Derrien ◽  
P.-J. Hatton ◽  
B. Zeller ◽  
M. Kleber
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Nitrogen Dynamics ◽  
Protective Mechanism ◽  
Density Fractionation ◽  
Adsorbed State ◽  
Density Fractions ◽  
Physical Fractionation ◽  
Comprehensive Picture

Abstract. Physical fractionation is a widely used methodology to study soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics, but concerns have been raised that the available fractionation methods do not well describe functional SOM pools. In this study we explore whether physical fractionation techniques isolate soil compartments in a meaningful and functionally relevant way for the investigation of litter-derived nitrogen dynamics at the decadal timescale. We do so by performing aggregate density fractionation (ADF) and particle size-density fractionation (PSDF) on mineral soil samples from two European beech forests a decade after application of 15N labelled litter. Both density and size-based fractionation methods suggested that litter-derived nitrogen became increasingly associated with the mineral phase as decomposition progressed, within aggregates and onto mineral surfaces. However, scientists investigating specific aspects of litter-derived nitrogen dynamics are pointed towards ADF when adsorption and aggregation processes are of interest, whereas PSDF is the superior tool to research the fate of particulate organic matter (POM). Some methodological caveats were observed mainly for the PSDF procedure, the most important one being that fine fractions isolated after sonication can not be linked to any defined decomposition pathway or protective mechanism. This also implies that historical assumptions about the "adsorbed" state of carbon associated with fine fractions need to be re-evaluated. Finally, this work demonstrates that establishing a comprehensive picture of whole soil OM dynamics requires a combination of both methodologies and we offer a suggestion for an efficient combination of the density and size-based approaches.

scholarly journals The impact of four decades of annual nitrogen addition on dissolved organic matter in a boreal forest soil

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1365-1377 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. O. Rappe-George ◽  
A. I. Gärdenäs ◽  
D. B. Kleja
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dissolved Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Oxidative Enzymes ◽  
N Saturation ◽  
N Addition ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Addition of mineral nitrogen (N) can alter the concentration and quality of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in forest soils. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of long-term mineral N addition on soil solution concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in Stråsan experimental forest (Norway spruce) in central Sweden. N was added yearly at two levels of intensity and duration: the N1 treatment represented a lower intensity but a longer duration (43 yr) of N addition than the shorter N2 treatment (24 yr). N additions were terminated in the N2 treatment in 1991. The N treatments began in 1967 when the spruce stands were 9 yr old. Soil solution in the forest floor O, and soil mineral B, horizons were sampled during the growing seasons of 1995 and 2009. Tension and non-tension lysimeters were installed in the O horizon (n = 6), and tension lysimeters were installed in the underlying B horizon (n = 4): soil solution was sampled at two-week intervals. Although tree growth and O horizon carbon (C) and N stock increased in treatments N1 and N2, the concentration of DOC in O horizon leachates was similar in both N treatments and control. This suggests an inhibitory direct effect of N addition on O horizon DOC. Elevated DON and nitrate in O horizon leachates in the ongoing N1 treatment indicated a move towards N saturation. In B horizon leachates, the N1 treatment approximately doubled leachate concentrations of DOC and DON. DON returned to control levels, but DOC remained elevated in B horizon leachates in N2 plots nineteen years after termination of N addition. We propose three possible explanations for the increased DOC in mineral soil: (i) the result of decomposition of a larger amount of root litter, either directly producing DOC or (ii) indirectly via priming of old SOM, and/or (iii) a suppression of extracellular oxidative enzymes.

scholarly journals Carbon stock in litter of middle taiga forest ecosystems of Central Siberia

2021 ◽  
Vol 875 (1) ◽  
pp. 012085
Author(s):  
O Sergeeva ◽  
L Mukhortova ◽  
L Krivobokov
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Middle Taiga ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Central Siberia ◽  
Multistage Processes ◽  
Taiga Forest

Abstract Litter plays an important role in the carbon cycle of forest ecosystems incorporating significant amount of carbon as a result of annual partial die-off of the biomass and releasing it during complex multistage processes of organic matter decomposition. The balance of these processes in the forests of permafrost zone significantly shifts towards the accumulation of dead organic matter. That makes the assessment of litter stock in these ecosystems particularly relevant, especially in relation to the predicted consequences of climate change in the study region. On the territory of middle taiga of Central Siberia, 14 sampling plots were established in the various landforms (slopes of different exposition, lowlands and uplands). The carbon stock in litter of the main forest types of the studied area varied from 0.47 to 4.46 kgC/m2. Also, the paper considers composition of litter accumulated in these ecosystems, including the ratio between fresh litterfall, fermented and humified plant residues, and dead roots. Our results demonstrated that fermented plant residues prevailed in the litter composition in most types of studied forest ecosystems due to specificity of hydrothermal regime and quality of litterfall. The results obtained might be applied to refine the carbon budget of Siberian forests.

scholarly journals Biomass of Coarse Woody Debris Following Fire and Clearcutting in Lodgepole Pine Forests

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 33-35
Author(s):  
Dennis Knight ◽  
Daniel Tinker
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Coarse Woody Debris ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Micro Organisms

In forest ecosystems, the decomposition of coarse woody debris, woody roots, twigs, leaves and micro-organisms is a primary source of mineral soil organic matter. Primary productivity, the accumulation of nutrients, and other important ecosystem processes are largely dependent on the mineral soil organic matter that has developed during hundreds or thousands of years. Large quantities of coarse woody debris are typically produced following natural disturbances such as fires, pest/pathogen outbreaks, and windstorms, and make a significant contribution to the formation of soil organic matter (SOM). In contrast, timber harvesting often removes much of the coarse woody debris (CWD), which could result in a decrease in the quantity and a change in the quality of mineral soil organic matter.

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