scholarly journals Phosphorus and faecal bacteria in runoff from horse paddocks and their mitigation by the addition of P-sorbing materials

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaana Uusi-Kämppä ◽  
Aaro Närvänen ◽  
Janne Kaseva ◽  
Håkan Jansson
Keyword(s):  
Drainage Water ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Ph Changes ◽  
Faecal Bacteria ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Percolation Water

The growing popularity of horse keeping is accompanied by an increase of phosphorus (P) and faecal micro-organisms from outdoor paddocks. We used an indoor rainfall simulation to monitor  concentrations of dissolved reactive P (DRP) and faecal coliforms in runoff and percolation water from different paddock footings. Drainage water was also monitored from two paddocks constructed of woodchips. Sand retained more DRP (p<0.0001) and coliforms from percolation water than woodchips. Some of the footings were amended with P-sorbing materials, such as [Ca(OH)2], [Fe2(SO4)3], or Fe-gypsum, to retain DRP. High DRP concentrations (17–18 mg l-1) were observed in runoff from a woodchip footing amended earlier with Ca(OH)2 and in sand footing amended with CaCO3. However, application of Fe-gypsum to woodchips decreased the DRP load in percolation water by 83% compared to the footing without Fe-gypsum. Fe compounds were better than Ca compounds. The decrease in coliforms was usually small due to the modest pH changes in the water.

scholarly journals Enhancement of Biodegradation of Palm Oil Mill Effluents by local Isolated Fungi

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
F T Z Jabeen ◽  
J V Shreevathsa
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Biochemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽  
Physicochemical Quality ◽  
Palm Oil Mill ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Better Than

This study was designed to investigate the fungi associated with palm oil mill effluent (POME) in Gulur village of Tumkur. Biodegradation of palm oil mill effluents was conducted to measure the discarded POME based on physicochemical quality. The fungi that were isolated are Aspergillusniger, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. ochraceus, Rhizopussp, Peniciliumsp and Trichodermavirde. The autoclaved and unautoclaved raw POME samples were incubated for 7 days and the activities of the fungi were observed each for 12 hours. The supernatants of the digested POME were investigated for the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), color (ADMI), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) at the end of each digestion cycle. The results showed that the unautoclaved raw POME sample degraded better than the inoculated POME sample and this suggests that the microorganisms that are indigenous in the POME are more effective than the introduced micro-organisms. This result, however, indicates the prospect of isolating indigenous microorganisms in the POME for effective biodegradation of POME. Moreover, the effective treatment of POME yields useful products such as reduction of BOD, COD, and color.

Wastewater Treatment for Effluent Reuse: Lime-Induced Removal of Excreted Pathogens

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 79-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Gambrill ◽  
D. D. Mara ◽  
J. I. Oragui ◽  
S. A. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Effluent Reuse ◽  
Jar Test ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Crop Irrigation

High quality effluents suitable for crop irrigation can be produced by lime and Clarifloc treatment of raw domestic wastewater: in laboratory jar-test experiments the average percentage removals were 99.999 for faecal coliforms, 99 – 99.9 for salmonellae, 99.9 – 100 for total parasites and 99 – 99.9 percent for rotavirus. The average removals of COD and suspended solids were 79 – 87 and 97 percent respectively. Clarifloc treatment was marginally better than that achieved by lime.

Evidence that tropical soil environment can support the growth of Escherichia coli

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 171-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. N Byappanahalli ◽  
R. S. Fujioka
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Tropical Soil ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Minimal Amount ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Faecal Bacteria

Concentrations of faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli in environmental waters have historically been used to establish recreational water quality standards. When these bacteria are used as indices of water quality, it is assumed that there are no significant environmental sources of these bacteria which are unrelated to direct faecal contamination. However, we have previously reported that in tropical island environments such as in Hawaii, these faecal indicators are consistently found at high concentrations in all streams and the source of these faecal bacteria is the soil. To become so well established in soil we hypothesized that these faecal bacteria must have the ability to multiply in the natural soil environment at ambient temperature (23–25°C). Three lines of evidence support this hypothesis: (1) E. coli was shown to grow on 10% soil extract agar, (2) populations of faecal coliforms and E. coli from sewage were shown to immediately increase by about three logs when simple nutrients (glucose and salts) were added to natural soil and (3) faecal coliforms and E. coli increased by two logs within 24 h when a minimal amount of sewage was added to cobalt-irradiated soil. These results indicate that tropical soil environments provide sufficient means to support the growth of faecal coliforms and E. coli. However, under natural soil conditions, indigenous soil microorganisms are much more efficient in obtaining nutrients and we hypothesize that faecal bacteria grow sporadically in response to available nutrients.

scholarly journals MM5 Ensemble Mean Forecasts in the Taiwan Area for the 2003 Mei-Yu Season

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1006-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang-Ching Chien ◽  
Yi-Chin Liu ◽  
Ben Jong-Dao Jou
Keyword(s):  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Mixed Phase ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Ensemble Prediction ◽  
Forecast System ◽  
Ensemble Prediction System ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Ensemble Mean ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Taiwan Area

Abstract This paper presents an evaluation study of a real-time fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) mesoscale ensemble prediction system in the Taiwan area during the 2003 mei-yu season. The ensemble system consists of 16 members that used the same nested domains of 45- and 15-km resolutions, but different model settings of the initial conditions (ICs), the cumulus parameterization scheme (CPS), and the microphysics scheme (MS). Verification of geopotential height, temperature, relative humidity, and winds in the 15-km grid shows that the members using the Kain–Fritsch CPS performed better than those using the Grell CPS, and those using the Central Weather Bureau (CWB) Nonhydrostatic Forecast System (NFS) ICs fared better than those using the CWB Global Forecast System (GFS) ICs. The members applying the mixed-phase MS generally exhibited the smallest errors among the four MSs. Precipitation verification shows that the members using the Grell CPS, in general, had higher equitable threat scores (ETSs) than those using the Kain–Fritsch CPS, that the members with the GFS ICs performed better than with the NFS ICs, and that the mixed-phase and Goddard MSs gave relatively high ETSs in the rainfall simulation. The bias scores show that, overall, all 16 members underforecasted rainfall. Comparisons of the ensemble means show that, on average, an ensemble mean, no matter how many members it contains, can produce better forecasts than an individual member. Among the three possible elements (IC, CPS, and MS) that can be varied to compose an ensemble, the ensemble that contains members with all three elements varying performed the best, while that with two elements varying was second best, and that with only one varying was the worst. Furthermore, the first choice for composing an ensemble is to use perturbed ICs, followed by the perturbed CPS, and then the perturbed MS.

Ozonation by-products issued from the destruction of microorganisms present in wastewaters treated for reuse

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.N. Rojas-Valencia ◽  
M.T. Orta-de-Velásquez ◽  
M. Vaca-Mier ◽  
V. Franco
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Ascaris Suum ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Excellent Correlation ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
By Products ◽  
Cellular Lysis

This work demonstrates the reaction of ozone on the amino acids comprising the covering layer of resistant micro-organisms. A secondary aim was to check the byproducts generated when ozone was applied to synthetic samples (such as Vibrio cholerae NO 01 WFCC-449, Salmonella typhi ATTC-6539, faecal coliforms and Ascaris suum). The ozone was applied at a concentration of 18.4 mgO3/min at pH 3, for different lengths of time. In the case of bacteria, results showed that, at 8 minutes, the number was reduced to the level of the Official Mexican Standards set for treated water destined for irrigation purposes (1,000 MPN/100 mL). Excellent correlation coefficients (0.95 to 0.99) were obtained for microbial concentrations versus ozone contact time. Destruction times required for 100% removal of the initial bacteria population varied between 2 and 14 minutes, while Ascaris suum required 1 hour. When Gram-negative bacteria die due to the effects of ozone, cellular lysis and the liberation of endotoxins (biodegradable) were observed. The ozonation of amino acids in the shell of Ascaris suum eggs, leads to the formation of aldehydes, such as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, in low concentrations (0.0003 and 0.0005 μg/mL respectively). These levels are not hazardous to human health.

Campylobacter Peritonitis Complicating Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis: Report of Three Cases and Review of the Literature

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sittana S. Elshafie ◽  
Muhammad Asim ◽  
Adel Ashour ◽  
Abdul Haleem Elhiday ◽  
Thoraya Mohsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
Oxidase Test ◽  
Campylobacter Species ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Better Than

BackgroundThe micro-organisms involved in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) peritonitis are usually gram-positive cocci of cutaneous origin. Campylobacter species are rarely implicated as a cause of CAPD peritonitis.MethodsA retrospective review of 100 consecutive episodes of peritonitis was carried out in patients undergoing CAPD or automated PD in our hospital from June 2004 to December 2007. Collection of dialysate and microbial examination was done according to ISPD guidelines. Identification of the organism was made on the basis of Gram smear morphology, positive oxidase test, and biochemical reactions using API Campi (BioMérieux, Marcy l'Étoile, France). Susceptibility testing was performed using E-test (AB Biodisc, Solna, Sweden) and confirmation was done by molecular techniques.ResultsThe causative organisms in 23 of these episodes were gram-negative bacteria, 3 of which were identified as Campylobacter species using special culture techniques. The clinical presentation in our patients with Campylobacter peritonitis (CP) was different from that of patients with peritonitis from other organisms in that all 3 had diarrhea at presentation. Among patients with CP, no subspecies-specific feature was identified. Good response to the antibiotic treatment was observed; there was no relapse/recurrence of peritonitis, catheter loss, or death.ConclusionIncidence of CP remains low and, regardless of the subtype, clinical outcomes are better than those seen with other gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas. The presence of diarrhea at presentation and the finding of curved or spiral gram-negative bacilli in the Gram smear of peritoneal dialysis effluent should make one think of CP. The use of appropriate microbiology techniques in this situation will increase the isolation of this organism.

The origin of sheep blowfly,Lucilia cuprina(Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), attractants in media infested with larvae

1987 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Eisemann ◽  
M. J. Rice
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Lucilia Cuprina ◽  
Mechanical Mixing ◽  
Ph Changes ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Media ◽  
Gravid Females ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Laboratory Bioassays

AbstractLaboratory bioassays with gravid females ofLucilia cuprina(Wiedemann) were used to isolate the source(s) of olfactory attractants emanating from larvae-infested media. Adults were not attracted by odours from axenic (micro-organism-free) larvae, but volatiles from xenic larvae were highly attractive. The attractants proved to be kairomones not pheromones, as odours from other species of calliphorids and a sarcophagid species were also attractive. Axenic, proteinaceous media produced a low level of attractive volatiles, which was increased by the activities of axenic larvae growing on the media. A greater degree of attraction occurred to odours from xenic media, and this too was much increased by the actions of growing larvae. The order of attractiveness of such volatiles is therefore: xenic with larvae >> xenic without larvae > axenic with larvae > axenic without larvae. It is concluded that larvae-infested media owe their great attractiveness to the volatiles produced by the action of micro-organisms, not to specific larval volatiles. Larval activity accentuates the output of attractive volatiles from both xenic and axenic proteinaceous media, possibly due to the effects of digestive enzymes, pH changes, mechanical mixing, warming or aeration or a combination of some or all of these factors.

Removal of pathogens from wastewaters by the root zone method (RZM)

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fermin Rivera ◽  
Alan Warren ◽  
Elizabeth Ramirez ◽  
Olivier Decamp ◽  
Patricia Bonilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Zone Method ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Gravel Beds ◽  
Helminth Eggs ◽  
Better Than

Full-scale and laboratory-scale artificially constructed reed beds utilising the root zone method (RZM) of wastewater treatment were investigated for their removal efficiencies of a range of pathogenic microorganisms. Performances were compared for RZMs employing different hydrophytes, planting substrates and climatic conditions. All pathogens were removed by the RZM to some extent. Planted beds generally performed better than unplanted beds although the type of hydrophyte used was not significant. Gravel beds were more efficient than soil beds in the removal of protozoan pathogens and of helminth eggs; numbers of these pathogens were below levels of detection in gravel bed effluents. For faecal coliforms the type of planting substrate was not significant, providing hydrophytes were present. Climatic conditions made little difference to treatment efficiency although seasonal variation was observed in temperature climates, where the removal of faecal coliforms declined in the winter months, and in subtropical climates where higher numbers of free-living amoebae were recorded during the summer. It was concluded that the RZM is a suitable method for the treatment of domestic wastewaters in tropical and subtropical regions of Mexico.

Evaluation of escherichia coli as the main indicator of faecal pollution

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 333-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Baudišová
Keyword(s):  
Point Sources ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Summer Period ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Faecal Pollution ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Main Indicator ◽  
Faecal Bacteria ◽  
Significant Point

The paper presented supports E. coli assessment as a major indicator of faecal pollution. Its assessment brings advantages when compared with assessment of total coliforms and faecal coliforms because (a) E. coli survives in river water for shorter period than other coliforms and faecal coliforms and (b) its occurrence in a stream (in an area without any significant point sources of pollution), in particular when compared with total coliforms, is more stable. Significant differences appear especially in the summer period when the elevated temperature allows development of non-faecal bacteria.

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