scholarly journals Yield formation of spring rye at high latitudes with reference to seeding rate and plant growth regulation

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. PELTONEN-SAINIO ◽  
A. RAJALA ◽  
S. MUURINEN
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Growth Duration ◽  
Chlormequat Chloride ◽  
Rate Effects ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Yield Formation

Aspects of crop physiology and agronomy of spring rye were evaluated at Viikki Experimental Farm, University of Helsinki in 1996-1998 to get baseline information on its potential as a novel cereal crop in southern Finland.The German spring rye cultivar Ovid was fertilized with 80 kg N ha-1. Seeding rates were 300,500 and 700 viable seeds m-2. Chlormequat chloride (CCC)was sprayed at the two-node stage of the main shoot and its effects on lodging and yield formation were studied. Various traits were assessed that characterised tiller and main shoot growth and productivity, growth duration and plant stand structure.Spring rye responded differently over years and among CCC treatments. CCC increased grain yield by about 200 kg ha -1 compared with the control.Spring rye has long straw (130-140 cm)and tended to lodge under heavy rainfall.Thus,grain yield was maximum (ca. 5200 kg ha -1 in 1997)when rainfall was minimum.Partly because high seeding rates enhanced lodging,no seeding rate effects on grain yield were recorded.At 300 seeds m-2, yield formation of both main shoot and tillers was enhanced to compensate for the reduced number of main shoots m-2. Ripening was not delayed at low seeding rates.Grain and hectolitre weights were not affected by seeding rate. Thus,spring rye is a potential crop for Finland if low seeding rates are used.;

scholarly journals Chlormequat chloride and ethephon affect growth and yield formation of conventional, naked and dwarf oat

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. PELTONEN-SAINIO ◽  
A. RAJALA
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Chlormequat Chloride ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Yield Formation

Department of Plant Production, PO Box 27, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland. Current address: MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Production Research, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland. e-mail: [email protected] Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are not usually applied to oat (Avena sativa L.) crops. This study was designed to test whether the antigibberellin chlormequat chloride (CCC) and ethylene-releasing ethephon sprayed on to oat foliage represent potential agents for manipulation of yield formation under northern growing conditions. Effects of these PGRs on yield components and tiller growth and productivity were examined in detail. This study included a long-strawed landrace, a modern standard height cultivar, two naked (A. sativa ssp. nuda L.) and two dwarf oats. Field experiments were conducted at Viikki Experimental Farm, University of Helsinki, in 1995 and 1996. Chlormequat chloride was sprayed at the two-node stage and ethephon when the flag leaf ligule was just visible on the main shoot. Various traits characterizing growth and yield formation were assessed. Chlormequat chloride increased grain yield by 0% to 13% depending on cultivar and year, while ethephon most often decreased it by up to 17%. No lodging occurred and the recorded increase in grain yield of CCC treated plants was not therefore due to prevention of lodging. However, CCC treatment resulted in more panicles per square meter and in 1995 tillers contributed more to grain yield. Ethephon treated plants had less grains per main shoot panicle, lower panicle filling rate (PFR) and parallel decreased harvest index (HI). Stem elongation of dwarf oat was enhanced by CCC, in contrast to that of conventional and naked cultivars.;

Agronomic comparison of Minnesota-adapted dwarf oat with semi-dwarf, intermediate, and tall oat lines adapted to northern growing conditions

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 727-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pirjo Mäkelä ◽  
Leena Väärälä ◽  
Pirjo Peltonen-Sainio
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
The Other ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Growing Conditions

Development of a dwarf oat (Avena sativa L.) for northern growing conditions may further improve many important agronomic features of the oat crop including lodging resistance, yield stability, yield potential, grain-straw ratio, and fertile tillering. Our objective in this study was to assess the performance of a Minnesota-adapted dwarf line at high latitudes, through measurement of several traits that characterize duration of pre- and post-anthesis growth and plant stand structure, with special reference to tiller growth and tiller productivity. Response of the dwarf line to seeding rate (250, 500, and 750 viable seeds m−2) and nitrogen fertilizer application rates (80, 120, and 160 kg N ha−1) was compared with that of a semi-dwarf line, a conventional height cultivar, and a landrace cultivar, all of which are adapted to long-day conditions. The experiments were conducted in Finland (60°13′N) in 1993 and 1994. The dwarf line produced less grain (≤ 30%) than the other lines but out-yielded the lodging-sensitive landrace in 1994 at a high seeding rate and high rate of nitrogen fertilizer application. As for the semi-dwarf line and conventional height line, the dwarf line produced the highest grain yield at 500 seeds m−2 which is the standard planting density for oat in Finland. The particularly short duration of the generative phase and associated low number of grains per main shoot panicle are likely to be principal contributors to low mean panicle-filling rate, panicle weight, and grain yield of the dwarf line. However it was better able to tiller and produce head-bearing tillers than the other lines. This increased number of tillers was, however, unable to compensate for yield reduction resulting from low yield potential of the main shoot. Key words:Avena sativa L., oat (dwarf), grain yield, landrace, partitioning, straw length, yield components

Fertilization, seeding date, and seeding rate for malting barley yield and quality in southern Alberta

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. McKenzie ◽  
A. B. Middleton ◽  
E. Bremer
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Malting Barley ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Kernel Size ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Viable Seeds

Weather conditions are often unfavourable for malting barley quality in southern Alberta, but agronomic practice may improve the probability of attaining acceptable quality. The objective of this study was to determine optimum agronomic practice (cultivar, fertilization, seeding date and seeding rate) for yield and quality of malting barley in southern Alberta. Field trials were conducted at 12 dryland sites and 2 irrigated sites over a 3-yr period (2001–2003). At each site, five experiments were conducted with the following treatments: (1) N rate (0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 kg N ha-1), (2) P rate (0, 6.5, 13 and 19.5 kg P ha-1), (3) K rate (0, 25 and 50 kg K ha-1), (4) S rate (0, 10, and 20 kg S ha-1), and (5) seeding date (three dates at 10-d intervals) and seeding rate (150, 200, 250, 300, and 350 viable seeds m-1). Seven cultivars were included in the first experiment and two cultivars were included in the remainder of the experiments. Maximum grain yields were achieved when fertilizer + available soil N (estimated from unfertilized grain N yield) exceeded 31 kg N Mg-1 maximum grain yield, whereas protein concentrations were usually acceptable if fertilizer + available soil N was between 25 and 40 kg N Mg-1 maximum grain yield. Higher N rates generally reduced kernel size. Cultivar differences in N response were negligible. Application of P, K, or S did not affect malt yield or quality. Seeding delays of ≈ 20 d reduced grain yields by an average of 20%, with relatively greater yield declines under drought stressed conditions. Delayed seeding did not affect or slightly increased grain protein concentration. Kernel size was both increased and decreased by delayed seeding. Increased seeding rates from 150 to 350 viable seeds m-2 generally provided small yield gains, slight reductions in grain protein concentration and reduced kernel size. The most beneficial agronomic practices for malt barley production in southern Alberta were early seeding and application of N fertilizer at rates appropriate to the expected availability of moisture and soil N. Key words: Hordeum vulgare, nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, protein, plump kernels

scholarly journals Timing applications of growth regulators to alter spring cereal development at high latitudes

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. RAJALA ◽  
P. PELTONEN-SAINIO
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Gibberellin Biosynthesis ◽  
Chlormequat Chloride ◽  
Plant Stand ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Yield Formation

Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are commonly used in commercial farming to control lodging in cereals. PGRs have been shown to alter yield formation and plant stand structure, other than the straw length. To study their potential in Northern growing conditions PGRs and their application time impacts on plant stand structure and yield formation in tall and short statured cultivars of barley, oat, and wheat were studied in the field. Crop stands were sprayed with the gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors CCC [chlormequat chloride CCC], Moddus [Trinexapac-ethyl TE], or with ethylene-releasing Cerone [ethephon ETH] at the recommended times or at an earlier growth stage. CCC applied at Zadoks growth scale (ZGS) 13-14 increased and ETH applied at ZGS 39-40 reduced grain yield of oat by 370 kg ha-1 and 270 kg ha-1, respectively. In wheat, CCC applied at ZGS 31-32 reduced grain yield by 480 kg ha-1. This yield reduction was associated with lower grain yield production by the main head and particularly lower single grain weight. In barley cv. Kymppi, ETH and TE treatments promoted yield formation, whereas in cv. Saana they tended to reduce yield. Early applied PGRs reduced stem height at 14 days after treatment irrespective of species or stem stature, but at maturity no constant PGR effect was noted. Excluding the stem length, PGRs did not modify plant stand structure or yield formation markedly.

Hulless Barley Seeding Rate Effects on Grain Yield and Yield Components

Crop Science ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 342-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Thomason ◽  
W. S. Brooks ◽  
C. A. Griffey ◽  
M. E. Vaughn
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Hulless Barley ◽  
Rate Effects ◽  
Yield And Yield Components

SEEDING RATE EFFECTS ON LOW-TILLERING SPRING WHEATS IN A SEMIARID ENVIRONMENT

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. HUCL ◽  
R. J. BAKER
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Rate Effects ◽  
High Tillering ◽  
Plot Design

To determine if increased seeding rates would alter relative yields of traditional and low-tillering genotypes, a high-tillering (Neepawa), a low-tillering (Siete Cerros), and an oligoculm (M1417) spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotype were seeded in replicated field trials at two locations in 1984 and 1985. A four-replication split-plot design, with genotypes assigned to main plots and seeding rates (40, 80 160, 320 and 640 seeds m−2) to subplots, was used for each experiment. Grain yield and its components were measured on individual plots or on main stems of five plants in each plot. All three genotypes expressed maximum yield at the same seeding rate (640 seeds m−2 in 1984 and 320 seeds m−2 in 1985) in the semiarid conditions of these experiments. Despite diverse tillering habits, the relative yields of these three genotypes could not be altered by changing seeding rates. On average, Siete Cerros (low-tillering) yielded 15% more than Neepawa and 17% more than M1417. Neepawa had lower grain yields than M1417 at all seeding rates in 1984, but higher grain yields in 1985. A similar change in relative performance of these two genotypes was observed for harvest index of the main stem but not for main stem grain yield kernels spike −1 on the main stem or kernel weight.Key words: Wheat (spring), oligoculm, yield components, genotype-environmental interaction.

scholarly journals Soybean agronomic performance in response to seeding rate and phosphate and potassium fertilization

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
André S. Ferreira ◽  
Alvadi A. Balbinot Junior ◽  
Flávia Werner ◽  
Júlio C. Franchini ◽  
Claudemir Zucareli
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Potassium Fertilization ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Level 2

ABSTRACT Most studies that found soybean high phenotypic plasticity under different seeding rates adopted the same fertilization levels used for the recommended seeding rates. Therefore, the interaction between these factors is little known. This study aims to assess the interaction between seeding rate and levels of phosphorus and potassium fertilization on soybean growth, grain yield and contents of protein and oil in the grains. The experiment was carried out under a randomized complete block design, in a split-plot scheme, with six replicates. Four seeding rates (150, 300, 440 and 560 thousand viable seeds ha-1) were used in the plots, and two levels of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were applied in the subplots to meet the export of 3 and 6 t ha-1 of grains (level 1 = 30 kg ha-1 of P2O5 + 60 kg ha-1 of K2O; and level 2 = 60 kg ha-1 of P2O5 + 120 kg ha-1 of K2O). There was no interaction between the experimental factors. Increase in fertilizer doses did not alter the evaluated characteristics, regardless of the seeding rate. Seeding rate did not change grain yield or protein and oil contents, but at low densities there was an increase in the number of pods per plant, apparent harvest index and SPAD index.

Spring wheat seed size and seeding rate effects on yield loss due to wild oat (Avena fatua) interference

Weed Science ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert N. Stougaard ◽  
Qingwu Xue
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Wheat Seed ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Rate Effects

The development of competitive cropping systems could minimize the negative effects of wild oat competition on cereal grain yield, and in the process, help augment herbicide use. A 3-yr field experiment was conducted at Kalispell, MT, to investigate the effects of spring wheat seed size and seeding rate on wheat spike production, biomass, and grain yield under a range of wild oat densities. Wheat plant density, spikes, biomass, and yield all increased as seed size and seeding rates increased. Averaged across all other factors, the use of higher seeding rates and larger seed sizes improved yields by 12 and 18%, respectively. Accordingly, grain yield was more highly correlated with seed size than with seeding rate effects. However, the combined use of both tactics resulted in a more competitive cropping system, improving grain yields by 30%. Seeding rate effects were related to spike production, whereas seed size effects were related to biomass production. As such, plants derived from large seed appear to have greater vigor and are able to acquire a larger share of plant growth factors relative to plants derived from small seed.

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