scholarly journals Reducing grain damage in naked oat through gentle harvesting

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
A-M. KIRKKARI ◽  
P. PELTONEN-SAINIO ◽  
H. RITA
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Naked Oat ◽  
The Third ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Grain Damage ◽  
Combine Harvester ◽  
Oat Cultivars ◽  
Growing Conditions

The caryopsis of naked oat is sensitive to mechanical damage at harvest, especially at high grain moisture content. For producing high quality naked oat seed, it is recommended that harvesting be carried out at as low grain moisture content as possible. This reduces mechanical damage to the grain and promotes germination. Under northern growing conditions, grains are often harvested at 20% moisture content or higher. In this study, reduced grain resulted from using gentler settings on the combine harvester. Two naked oat cultivars and one conventional oat were harvested at different grain moisture content using three combine harvester settings: the first setting that recommended for conventional oat, the second a reduced cylinder speed and the third a narrow concave clearance. The greater the grain moisture content of naked oat at harvest, the more damage was caused by threshing. Lower cylinder speeds tended to result in better germination than higher speeds, even under moist conditions. Narrowing the concave clearance did not affect germination.

scholarly journals A Grain Yield Sensor for Yield Mapping with Local Rice Combine Harvester

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 897
Author(s):  
Chaiyan Sirikun ◽  
Grianggai Samseemoung ◽  
Peeyush Soni ◽  
Jaturong Langkapin ◽  
Jakkree Srinonchat
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Pertinent Information ◽  
Yield Values ◽  
Combine Harvester ◽  
Yield Monitoring

Rice grain yield was estimated from a locally made Thai combine harvester using a specially developed sensing and monitoring system. The yield monitoring and sensing system, mounted on the rice combine harvester, collected and logged grain mass flow rate and moisture content, as well as pertinent information related to field, position and navigation. The developed system comprised a yield meter, GNSS receiver and a computer installed with customized software, which, when assembled on a local rice combine, mapped real-time rice yield along with grain moisture content. The performance of the developed system was evaluated at three neighboring (identically managed) rice fields. ArcGIS® software was used to create grain yield map with geographical information of the fields. The average grain yield values recorded were 3.63, 3.84 and 3.60 t ha−1, and grain moisture contents (w.b.) were 22.42%, 23.50% and 24.71% from the three fields, respectively. Overall average grain yield was 3.84 t ha−1 (CV = 63.68%) with 578.10 and 7761.58 kg ha−1 as the minimum and maximum values, respectively. The coefficients of variation in grain yield of the three fields were 57.44%, 63.68% and 60.41%, respectively. The system performance was evaluated at four different cutter bar heights (0.18, 0.25, 0.35 and 0.40 m) during the test. As expected, the tallest cutter bar height (0.40 m) offered the least error of 12.50% in yield estimation. The results confirmed that the developed grain yield sensor could be successfully used with the local rice combine harvester; hence, offers and ‘up-gradation’ potential in Thai agricultural mechanization.

scholarly journals Mechanical damage caused by the use of grain carts for transport during soybean seed harvest

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 422-427
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Albaneze ◽  
Francisco Amaral Villela ◽  
Jean Carlo Possenti ◽  
Karina Guollo ◽  
Ivan Carlos Riedo
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Soybean Seeds ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Seed Harvest

Abstract: Mechanical damage constitutes one of the factors limiting production of high quality soybean seeds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects on seed viability and mechanical damage caused to soybean seeds when using a grain cart, together with an auger unloading system, as a means of transporting grain from the combine to the truck. Seed samples were collected in two seed production fields in the region of Abelardo Luz, SC, Brazil, at three different times (10:00, 12:30, and 16:00) and from three places (in the combine grain tank, in the grain wagon, and in the truck). The percentages of broken seeds, moisture content, mechanical damage to the seed coat, and germination were evaluated. The use of auxiliary grain cart equipment contributed to an increase in breakage and mechanical injury in seeds, worsening seed viability. Seeds collected at lower moisture contents had higher breakage and higher rates of mechanical damage.

Trichome numbers in naked-oat cultivars

2008 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.-M. KIRKKARI ◽  
P. PELTONEN-SAINIO ◽  
L. JAUHIAINEN
Keyword(s):  
Grain Weight ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Fine Dust ◽  
Naked Oat ◽  
Combine Harvester ◽  
Oat Cultivars

SUMMARYThe oat kernel, caryopsis or groat, is generally covered with fine silky hairs termed trichomes. The trichomes of naked oat are partly lost during threshing and handling of grains when the lemma and palea are removed and the surface of the grain is exposed. Trichomes can cause itchiness and more serious reactions in those handling the grains. Trichomes also accumulate and form fine dust and can block up machinery. Trichomes are clearly problematic and growers of naked oat are eager to have oat cultivars with reduced numbers of trichomes. Experiments compared the differences in trichome numbers of naked-oat cultivars and threshing settings. The cultivars differed considerably in pubescence. Cultivars Lisbeth and NK 00117 had most trichomes and cv. Bullion the fewest. Completely bare or polished grains were not observed. Pubescence was not associated with grain weight or test weight. However, grains from the lowermost spikelets of the panicle had fewer trichomes than those from the uppermost spikelets. For cv. Bullion, some threshing settings, including increased cylinder speed, slightly increased grain polishing such that grains had some areas completely free of trichomes. Reduction of the concave clearance in the combine harvester had a similar effect. However, threshing settings did not affect the trichomes of cv. Lisbeth. Adjusting threshing machinery settings was generally not an efficient means of solving the problems associated with naked-oat trichomes, but cultivar differences existed and further efforts in breeding to reduce trichome numbers are required.

Performance Evaluation and Field Characterization of the Sifang Mini Rice Combine Harvester

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shadrack K. Amponsah ◽  
Ahmad Addo ◽  
Komla A. Dzisi ◽  
Jean Moreira ◽  
Sali A. Ndindeng
Keyword(s):  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Grain Damage ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Combine Harvester

Abstract. Performance of a Sifang mini rice combine, originally developed in China, was evaluated under local farmer field conditions in Benin. Results from field evaluation show that the combine worked satisfactorily on less dense rice fields with minimal weeds at grain moisture contents between 19.1% and 20.1% w.b. on soils with moisture content from 23% to 33% d.b. while causing no significant changes to soil physical properties. With harvesting speed ranging from 0.8 to 4.5 km/h, the harvester had a field capacity of 0.10 to 0.39 ha/h and consumed fuel of up to 11 L/ha while having track slip of 6% to 9%. Harvesting using 2- and 1-L gear offered the best efficiency for IR841 and Nerica L20 rice varieties, respectively. As harvesting speed increased, harvesting efficiency decreased and crop throughput increased irrespective of rice variety. The combine produced low mechanical grain damage with total grain loss ranging from 1.43% to 4.43% and 1.85% to 5.6% for the IR841 and Nerica L20 rice varieties, respectively. At an investment cost of US$5000 and hiring at US$10 per h, owning the mini combine harvester becomes profitable after 342 h of machine use; equivalent to approximately 133 ha of paddy field harvested at a harvesting capacity of 0.39 ha/h. Further testing of the combine under a wide range of crop and soil conditions across different agro-ecological zones and economic comparison with manual harvesting is recommended. This would offer smallholder farmers diverse options of rice harvesting mechanization to facilitate future adoption of improved technologies. Keywords: Crop throughput, Field capacity, Field efficiency, Grain loss, Mini rice combine, Sifang.

Germination and grain vigour of naked oat in response to grain moisture at harvest

2001 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. PELTONEN-SAINIO ◽  
S. MUURINEN ◽  
M. VILPPU ◽  
A. RAJALA ◽  
F. GATES ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Ion Leakage ◽  
Seed Vigour ◽  
Naked Oat ◽  
Germination Ability ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Large Plot ◽  
Naked Oats

Naked oat grain, which is free from lemma and palea, has high nutritional quality, but the unprotected grain is prone to mechanical damages caused by combine harvesting. Naked oats were grown for 3 years in southern Finland, at Viikki Experimental Farm, University of Helsinki (60° 13′N) to produce seed material for laboratory tests that evaluated: (1) genotypic differences of naked oat in sensitivity to damage during harvesting at grain moisture varying from c. 10% up to 50%, (2) the effect of mechanical damage on germination and grain vigour, and (3) grain characteristics contributing to susceptibility to reduced grain viability. In 1997, one naked (Rhiannon) and husked oat cultivar (Salo) were harvested, and in 1998–1999 additional four naked cultivars (Bullion, Lisbeth, Neon, SW 95926) were included. One large plot (14 m×10 m) was sown per cultivar. Two sowing times were used. Fully ripened grains were combine harvested on several occasions for each plot to obtain differences in grain moisture at harvest. Simultaneously, panicle samples were collected, dried and threshed by hand (controls). Grain moisture at each sampling and harvesting was monitored. About 3 months after harvesting, germination tests on blotting paper were carried out. Proportions of normally developed seedlings, seedlings lacking either radicle or hypocotyl, damaged coleoptiles, dead grains and lethally fungus-infected grains were recorded from combine harvested and hand threshed samples on different cultivars and harvest moistures. Tests on seedling elongation, seedling emergence through sand (2 cm and 5 cm depth), and ion leakage were applied to evaluate grain vigour. Groat weight, diameter, length, roundness, hardness and protrusion of embryo were determined.Our results indicated that naked cultivars were far more prone to mechanical damages than husked Salo, but differences among naked cultivars in susceptibility occurred. When targeting germination of [ges ] 75%, grain moisture at harvest should not exceed 19–26% depending on cultivar. Abnormal seedlings appeared irrespective of grain moisture at harvest, but the higher the grain moisture, more dead grains were found in harvested grains after storage. Seed vigour did not alter parallel to germination ability. High proportion of small grains in harvested yield and softer groats contributed to decreased sensitivity to mechanical damages.

scholarly journals Dehulling capacity and storability of naked oat

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 198 ◽  
Author(s):  
A-M. KIRKKARI ◽  
P. PELTONEN-SAINIO ◽  
P. LEHTINEN
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Germination Capacity ◽  
Naked Oat ◽  
Hull Content ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Environment Control

Harvested naked oat is not completely hulless. Hull content of various cultivars ranged between one and six percent. Genotype and environment control expression of nakedness. Using different threshing settings at different grain moisture contents, it was investigated whether grain moisture at threshing and combine harvester settings affected hull content and its relationship to germination capacity. Naked groats were stored at room temperature and analysed for protein content and fatty acid composition to determine storability. Grain moisture content at threshing had contrary effects on hull content and degree of hull retention in different years. Small grains tended to retain hulls more tightly during threshing. Grain filling capacity appears to be the dominant factor determining degree of nakedness rather than stage of maturity. The postulated protective nature of hulls was confirmed only for cultivar Lisbeth. Highly viable samples of grain of cv. Lisbeth, threshed at normal settings, contained a higher percentage of hulls than those with low germination capacity, while for cv. Bullion, a protective effect of the hulls was not evident. Grain moisture content at threshing did not affect protein content of naked cultivars, but some differences in fatty acid composition were recorded. Changes in lipid composition and volatile oxidation products during storage of groats were relatively moderate, indicating no major problems related to storage when naked oat was dried well.;

Susceptibility of naked oat cultivar seeds to mechanical damage

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Zieliński ◽  
Agata Ptak ◽  
Tomasz Wójtowicz ◽  
Maria Moś
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Seed Shape ◽  
Projected Area ◽  
Computer Image Analysis ◽  
Shape Coefficient ◽  
Naked Oat ◽  
Oat Cultivars ◽  
Main Factors

AbstractMechanical damage to seeds occurring during harvesting and threshing, especially in naked cultivars, is one of the main factors decreasing the size and quality of yield. The objective of this study was to assess the susceptibility of naked oat cultivars to mechanical damage, considering the biometric parameters of seeds determined on the basis of computer image analysis and weight tests. The testing was carried out on eight cultivars harvested between 2008 and 2010 at 15% moisture and threshed at either 1.6 or 2.4 m·s−1 threshing drum speed. A 50% increase in the threshing speed caused an average 19% increase in the frequency and a 29% increase in the area of microdamage to seeds. There was a corresponding 4.1 mm2 change in the microdamage area when using the threshing speed of 1.6 m·s−1, and a 6.1 mm2 change when using the threshing speed of 2.4 m·s−1 was 53% and 68%, respectively, determined by a decreasing seed shape coefficient indicating seed elongation. The greatest resistance to mechanical damage was found on the Bullion cultivar, which was also characterized by the largest total projected area of seeds (7.14 mm2), as well as the greatest seed density (63.8 kg·hL−1) and thousand kernel weight (TKW) (28.2 g).

scholarly journals Evaluation of naked oat accessions from the VIR collection for their qualitative characteristics in Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
Vol 182 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-21
Author(s):  
A. I. Abugalieva ◽  
I. G. Loskutov ◽  
T. V. Savin ◽  
V. A. Chudinov
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Naked Oat ◽  
The North ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Oat Cultivars ◽  
Naked Oats

Background.The grain of naked oat varieties has a unique biochemical composition (increased content of protein, starch, fat, and β-glucans) for the production of high-quality dietary food and feed. Relatively low adaptability restrains the spread of naked oat cultivars, but the demand for them has been increasing from year to year. Currently, only hulled oat cultivars are introduced into industrial cultivation in Kazakhstan, so the breeding trend aimed at the development of high-yielding naked oat cultivars may be regarded as a priority.Materials and methods. Thirty-five accessions of naked oats (Avena  sativaL.  subsp. nudisativa(Husnot.) Rod. et Sold.) were selected from the germplasm collection of the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) for their suitability for the conditions in Kazakhstan in terms of the growing season, drought resistance and grain productivity. The study was carried out in 2015–2017 in the fields of the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Crop Production (Almaty) and the Karabalyk Agricultural Experimental Station (Kostanay). Grain quality of naked oats was assessed by various methods according to a set of biochemical characters: the content of protein and its fractions, starch, amylose, fat and fatty acids, and β-glucans.Results. The study of naked oat accessions from VIR in the environments of the southeastern Kazakhstan showed higher average values of protein content in grain than under the conditions in the north. As a result of the study, naked oat accessions with increased and stable indicators of the content of protein, starch, amylose, fat, individual fatty acids and β-glucans were identified for the conditions of the southeastern and northern regions of Kazakhstan. All selected accessions will be used in breeding programs of the Republic of Kazakhstan to develop high-yielding and high-quality naked oat cultivars.

scholarly journals Characterising strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in producing naked oat as a novel crop for northern growing conditions

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 212 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. PELTONEN-SAINIO ◽  
A-M. KIRKKARI ◽  
L. JAUHIAINEN
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Naked Oat ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Grain Damage ◽  
End Use ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Naked Oats ◽  
On Farm

Naked oat (Avena sativa ssp. nuda L.) is the highest quality small-grain cereal that can be grown at the northernmost margin of cereal production. It remains an under-utilised crop and it contributes less than 0.1% to the total oat area in Finland. In general, limited interest in growing naked oat more extensively is attributed to its weaknesses, which ironically result from nakedness that improves the quality of the crop. This paper reviews the available literature and assesses the balance of the arguments for and against naked oats. Results from the study were transformed into quantitative variables and analysed for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) using an analytical hierarchical process. As the importance of different SWOT-factors depends largely on targeted end-use of yield, separate analyses were done for use of naked oats as on-farm feed and as an input for the feed and food industry. If we aim at increasing area under naked oat in Finland, the most feasible starting point would be on-farm feed. In this case, strengths (high nutritional quality and energy content) outweighed weaknesses (sensitivity to grain damage) and threats (problems in germination). Increasing naked oat production in this respect is likely to encourage solving the remaining problems that deter industry. Threats (availability) regarding the feed industry and weaknesses (incomplete expression of nakedness) in the food industry out-weighed strengths (high nutritional quality and storability) and opportunities (potential niches).;

Response of oat cultivars to Fusarium infection with a view to their suitability for food use

Biologia ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Šliková ◽  
Antónia Šrobárová ◽  
Valéria Šudyová ◽  
Ivana Polišenská ◽  
Edita Gregová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yield Components ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Immunochemical Method ◽  
Naked Oat ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Oat Cultivars ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Covered Oats

AbstractOats as a source of antioxidants and complex polysaccharides are currently an important component in human nutrition. Producing healthy, safe and high-quality grain for this purpose depends upon growing oat cultivars with improved resistance to diseases caused by Fusarium spp. producing mycotoxins. Thirteen cultivars of naked (Ábel, Detvan, Izák and Avenuda) and covered (Zvolen, Auron, Atego, Flämingsstern, Kanton, Viktor, Zlaťák, Euro and Ardo) oats were inoculated with conidial suspensions of F. culmorum isolate in the field at flowering in 2006 and 2007. After harvest, reduction in thousand-kernel weight (R-TKW), reduction in panicle-kernel weight (R-PKW), and deoxynivalenol (DON) content in grain and hulls were determined. The ELISA immunochemical method was employed for the quantitative analyses of DON. Values of yield components (R-TKW; R-PKW) were 35.4% and 31.1% lower in dehulled covered oats than in naked oat cultivars. The DON accumulation was highest in hulls as compared with DON content in kernels of naked and covered oat cultivars. Accumulation of DON in dehulled covered cultivars was 34.4% lower than the average contamination in naked cultivars. When the cultivars were compared, there were positive correlations between R-TKW and R-PKW and also between DON content and R-PKW. With a view to growing oat cultivars for production of cereal foods, it was shown that dehulling of covered oat grain resulted in substantially reduced DON content.

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