’Edessä’ olemisen monet merkitykset

Virittäjä ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Krista Teeri-Niknammoghadam
Keyword(s):  
Good Life ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Online Discussions ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Future Time ◽  
Language And Thought ◽  
Bodily Experiences ◽  
The Face ◽  
Cognitive Semantic ◽  
Verbal Processes

Artikkeli tarkastelee suomen kielen edessä-adposition polysemiaa kognitiivisen semantiikan näkökulmasta. Adpositiolla edessä kielennetään perusmerkityksessään spatiaalisia suhteita (talon edessä on omenapuu), mutta sitä käytetään myös yleisesti ilmaisemaan toisenlaisia, metaforiseen tai metonyymiseen käsitteistykseen perustuvia suhteita, kuten läsnäoloa (he riitelivät lasten edessä), vaikutusta (hän alistui totuuden edessä) tai tulevaa aikaa (hänellä on edessään hyvä elämä). Artikkelin tavoitteena on selvittää, millaisiin merkitystyyppeihin edessä-adposition käyttö voidaan jakaa ja miten erilaiset merkitystyypit eroavat toisistaan. Yleisemmällä tasolla tässä artikkelissa pohditaan sitä, miten ihmisen kokemus kolmiulotteisesta maailmasta ohjaa hänen tapaansa kuvata ei-konkreettisen maailman suhteita. Artikkelin aineistona ovat Suomi24-korpuksesta satunnaisesti poimitut 500 edessä-adposition esiintymää. Edessä-adposition merkitystyyppien määrittäminen ja erottelu perustuvat aineistossa toistuvien piirrekimppujen analyysiin. Tarkasteltuja piirteitä ovat muun muassa edessä-adpositiolla kuvatun tilanteen ensisijaisten osallistujien konkreettisuus ja elollisuus sekä predikaatin kuvaama prosessi. Aineiston analyysin perusteella edessä-adpositiolle määritellään artikkelissa seitsemän erillistä mutta toisiinsa liittyvää merkitystyyppiä, joita ovat ETUPUOLI, ESTE, LÄSNÄOLO, ARVIO, VAIKUTUS, TULEVAISUUS ja KOHDAKKAISUUS. Merkitystyypeistä ETUPUOLI ja ESTE (ja joissain määrin myös LÄSNÄOLO) liittyvät spatiaalisiin suhteisiin, muut merkitystyypit taas kuvaavat abstraktimpia, metaforiseen tai metonyymiseen käsitteistykseen perustuvia suhteita. Edessä-adposition käyttöä abstraktien suhteiden kuvauksessa selitetään artikkelissa ihmisen kehollisten kokemusten vaikutuksella ajatteluun ja kieleen. Artikkeli osoittaa, että etupuoli–takapuoli-oppositio ohjaa abstraktien asioiden, kuten ajan, mielipiteiden ja vaikutusvallan, kielentämistä.   The polysemy of the Finnish adposition edessä ‘in front of’ This paper studies the polysemy of the Finnish adposition edessä ‘in front of’ from a cognitive semantic perspective. In its basic sense, the adposition edessä depicts a spatial relationship between two or more objects (talon edessä on puu ‘there’s a tree in front of the house’). However, edessä can also be used to describe abstract relations that rely on metaphorical or metonymical conceptualisation, such as presence (he riitelivät lasten edessä ‘they fought in front of the children’), impact (hän alistui vastustuksen edessä ‘she succumbed in the face of opposition’) or future time (hänellä on hyvä elämä edessään ‘she has a good life ahead of her’). The aim of this paper is to investigate the different senses of the adposition edessä: what distinct senses does the adposition have, and how do these senses differ from each other? In a broader sense, the paper examines how bodily experiences guide the conceptualisation of abstract concepts.  The article is based on a dataset derived from the electronic Suomi24 corpus which comprises online discussions held on internet forums. The present dataset consists of 500 randomly selected instances of the adposition edessä. In this paper, the distinct senses of the adposition edessä are distinguished from one another by analysing what are known as ‘repetitive feature clusters’. The features examined in this paper include the concreteness and animacy of the primary participants in the relation depicted by edessä as well as the (verbal) processes expressed in instances of edessä. Based on the data, the paper defines seven distinct but related senses for edessä. The distinct senses are FRONT, OBSTACLE, PRESENCE, EVALUATION, IMPACT, FUTURE and TEMPORAL ALINGNMENT. Of these senses, FRONT and OBSTACLE (and, to some extent, PRESENCE) concern spatial scenarios, whereas the other five meanings arise from more abstract, metaphorical or metonymical conceptualisation. The more abstract uses of edessä can be explained with the embodied nature of human language and thought. The paper shows that the opposition between front and back guides language even when discussing intangible issues such as time, opinions or influence.

Student Perceptions of Face-to-Face and Online Discussions: The Advantage Goes To . . .

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrina A. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Affirmative Action ◽  
Student Perceptions ◽  
Online Discussions ◽  
Political Tolerance ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Face ◽  
Online Setting ◽  
And Gender

Thirteen students in a graduate-level course on Historical and Policy Perspectives in Higher Education held face-to-face and online discussions on five controversial topics: Diversity, Academic Freedom, Political Tolerance, Affirmative Action, and Gender. Students read materials on each topic and generated questions for discussion that were categorized by Bloom’s taxonomy so that the level of questions in the two discussion settings would be closely parallel. Upon completion of each discussion, they answered questions that addressed depth and length of the discussion, ability to remember, and a self-assessment of how the student learned. Students’ assessments show a consistent preference for the face-to-face discussion but a small number of students preferred the online setting. However, what is perhaps more interesting is a minority of approximately one-third of the students who perceived no difference between the settings, or that the two settings were perhaps complementary.

Differential Characteristics of Face Neuron Responses Within the Anterior Superior Temporal Sulcus of Macaques

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 1252-1266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wania C. De Souza ◽  
Satoshi Eifuku ◽  
Ryoi Tamura ◽  
Hisao Nishijo ◽  
Taketoshi Ono
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Superior Temporal Sulcus ◽  
Hierarchical Organization ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Functional Heterogeneity ◽  
Oblique View ◽  
Macaque Monkeys ◽  
Facial Information ◽  
The Face ◽  
Rostral Region

The anterior superior temporal sulcus (STS) of macaque monkeys is thought to be involved in the analysis of incoming perceptual information for face recognition or identification; face neurons in the anterior STS show tuning to facial views and/or gaze direction in the faces of others. Although it is well known that both the anatomical architecture and the connectivity differ between the rostral and caudal regions of the anterior STS, the functional heterogeneity of these regions is not well understood. We recorded the activity of face neurons in the anterior STS of macaque monkeys during the performance of a face identification task, and we compared the characteristics of face neuron responses in the caudal and rostral regions of the anterior STS. In the caudal region, facial views that elicited optimal responses were distributed among all views tested; the majority of face neurons responded symmetrically to right and left views. In contrast, the face neurons in the rostral region responded optimally to a single oblique view; right-left symmetry among the responses of these neurons was less evident. Modulation of the face neuron responses according to gaze direction was more evident in the rostral region. Some of the face neuron responses were specific to a certain combination of a particular facial view and a particular gaze direction, whereas others were associated with the relative spatial relationship between facial view and gaze direction. Taken together, these results indicated the existence of a functional heterogeneity within the anterior STS and suggested a plausible hierarchical organization of facial information processing.

scholarly journals The microdynamics of social regulation: Comparing the navigation of disagreements in text-based online and face-to-face discussions

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 902-917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla A. Roos ◽  
Tom Postmes ◽  
Namkje Koudenburg
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Online Discussions ◽  
Social Regulation ◽  
Interpersonal Interaction ◽  
Message Content ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Differences Of Opinion ◽  
The Face

This study explores how people navigate the field of tension between expressing disagreement and maintaining social relationships in text-based online as compared to face-to-face discussions. In face-to-face discussions, differences of opinion are socially regulated by introducing ambiguity in message content coupled with instant responding on a relational level. We hypothesized that online messages are less ambiguous and less responsive, both of which may hinder social regulation. Thirty-six groups of three unacquainted students discussed politically controversial statements via chat, video-chat (nonanonymous), and face-to-face, in a multilevel repeated measures Graeco-Latin square design. Content coding revealed that online discussions were relatively clear and unresponsive. This related to participants experiencing reduced conversational flow, less shared cognition, and less solidarity online. These results suggest that ambiguity and responsiveness enable people to maintain social relationships in the face of disagreement. This emphasizes the key role that subtle microdynamics in interpersonal interaction play in social regulation.

Introduction: The Middle Class in Post-socialist Europe: Ethnographies of Its “Good Life”

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 423-440
Author(s):  
Magdalena Crăciun ◽  
Ștefan Lipan
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Good Life ◽  
Special Section ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
Current Period ◽  
The Face ◽  
Political Turmoil

In this special section, drawing from ethnographic research undertaken in Estonia, Russia, Romania, and Bulgaria between 2013 and 2017, we argue that in post-socialist Europe the notions of “middle class” and “good life” have become interchangeable. Related dialectically, each can be substituted for the other as a signifier of a field of aspirations and possibilities. In the current period of persistent economic crisis, deepening social inequality, and growing political turmoil, this interchangeability is a significant ideational conjunction, making it possible to declare middle-class aspirations inherently ethical and thus depoliticise them. Equally important, this interchangeability sustains the continuous idealisation of middle-classness in the face of accumulating frustrations, disappointments, and disillusionments among both the aspiring and the more established middle classes. Nevertheless, our interlocutors differ in their understanding of the kind of “good life” that middle-classness supports. Beyond individual horizons of expectations and socio-economic positions, these differences stem from their experience of recent economic and political crises and from their location at the more, and the less, prosperous local and global “margins.” These differences illustrate the fluidity of these signifiers, which unify an otherwise heterogeneous set of meanings, practices, and relationships.

scholarly journals FACE-TO-FACE VERSUS THREADED DISCUSSIONS: THE ROLE OF TIME AND HIGHER-ORDER THINKING

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrina A. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Higher Order Thinking ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Online Discussions ◽  
Course Evaluations ◽  
Threaded Discussions ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Experience Of Time ◽  
The Face

This study compares the experiences of students in face-to-face (in class) discussions with threaded discussions and also evaluates the threaded discussions for evidence of higher-order thinking. Students were enrolled in graduate-level classes that used both modes (face-to-face and online) for course-related discussions; their end-of-course evaluations of both experiences were grouped for analysis and themes constructed based on their comments. Themes included the “expansion of time,” “experience of time,” “quality of the discussion,” “needs of the student,” and “faculty expertise.” While there are advantages to holding discussions in either setting, students most frequently noted that using threaded discussions increased the amount of time they spent on class objectives and that they appreciated the extra time for reflection on course issues. The face-to-face format also had value as a result of its immediacy and energy, and some students found one mode a better “fit” with their preferred learning mode. The analysisof higher-order thinking was based on a content analysis of the threaded discussions only. Each posting was coded as one of the four cognitive-processing categories described by Garrison and colleagues: 18% were triggering questions, 51% were exploration, 22% were integration, and 7% resolution. A fifth category – social – was appropriate for 3% of the responses and only 12% of the postings included a writing error. This framework provides some support for the assertion that higher-order thinking can and does occur in online discussions; strategies for increasing the number of responses in the integration and resolution categories are discussed.

scholarly journals Disparate substrates for head gaze following and face perception in the monkey superior temporal sulcus

eLife ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Marciniak ◽  
Artin Atabaki ◽  
Peter W Dicke ◽  
Peter Thier
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Gaze Following ◽  
Head Orientation ◽  
Distinct Region ◽  
Interacting Agents ◽  
Passive Viewing ◽  
The Face ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Source Of Information

Primates use gaze cues to follow peer gaze to an object of joint attention. Gaze following of monkeys is largely determined by head or face orientation. We used fMRI in rhesus monkeys to identify brain regions underlying head gaze following and to assess their relationship to the ‘face patch’ system, the latter being the likely source of information on face orientation. We trained monkeys to locate targets by either following head gaze or using a learned association of face identity with the same targets. Head gaze following activated a distinct region in the posterior STS, close to-albeit not overlapping with-the medial face patch delineated by passive viewing of faces. This ‘gaze following patch’ may be the substrate of the geometrical calculations needed to translate information on head orientation from the face patches into precise shifts of attention, taking the spatial relationship of the two interacting agents into account.

scholarly journals Traveling Ever Toward Freedom: A Metaphorical Feminist Study of Colson Whitehead’s the Underground Railroad

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-52
Author(s):  
Afsaneh Askar Motlagh
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Black Feminist Thought ◽  
Underground Railroad ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Black Feminist ◽  
Racial Hatred ◽  
Feminist Study ◽  
Cognitive Approaches To Literature ◽  
George Lakoff ◽  
The Face

AbstractThere is a growing interest in cognitive approaches to literature in recent years; undoubtedly conceptual metaphor has become one of the favourite topics for analysis. George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in Metaphors We Live By (1980), assert that metaphor is not just a matter of words; rather it is inherently conceptual and conceptual metaphors help us comprehend abstract concepts in terms of more concrete ones. This article proposes that metaphor is used to overcome the inadequacy of language in the face of indescribable phenomena, such as slavery, racism and multiple oppressions of black women throughout history in Colson Whitehead’s The Underground Railroad (2016). Patricia Collins tries to convey through her work, Black Feminist Thought (2000), which will be used here, that all these oppressions exist even today. The result of this study indicates that Whitehead has picked up and given life to the old slavery story to emotionally engage a global audience at the present time, when racial hatred seems to be a thing of the past.

scholarly journals CONCEPTUALISATION OF DEATH AND RESURRECTION IN THE HOLY QURAN: A COGNITIVE-SEMANTIC APPROACH

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Sardaraz Khan ◽  
Roslan Ali
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Key Words And Phrases ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Semantic Approach ◽  
Holy Quran ◽  
Domain Mapping ◽  
Cognitive Semantic ◽  
The Holy Quran

Conceptual metaphor is the discursive linguistic strategy employed in the Holy Quran to imprint upon the human mind the Quranic worldview. This approach can better explain the abstract concepts of death and resurrection in the Holy Quran through cross domain mapping with human experiential concepts. Traditional exegetes and rhetoricians missed this phenomenon in the Holy Quran because of their preoccupation with rhetorical and theological aspects of death and resurrection. The existing cognitive semantic research has also paid little or no attention to the investigation of death and resurrection in the Holy Quran. Therefore, this paper attempts to investigate the conceptual metaphor themes of death and resurrection in the Holy Quran. Data were retrieved from the Holy Quran on the basis of key words and phrases encapsulating the abstract concepts of death and resurrection. The analysis of data reveals various conceptual metaphor themes. It is also found that the data question the asymmetrical hypothesis of conceptual metaphor theory and its role as a sole model of metaphor interpretation. This study is part of the growing research on conceptual metaphor in the Holy Quran and is hoped to contribute to further research on the cognitive semantic analysis of the Holy Quran.  Keywords: cognition, cognitive-semantic, conceptual metaphor, experiential gestalt, QuranCite as: Khan, S. & Ali, R. (2016). Conceptualisation of death and resurrection in the holy Quran: A cognitive-semantic approach. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 1(2), 11-24.

It’s in My Bones

2020 ◽  
pp. 131-149
Author(s):  
Iris Berent
Keyword(s):  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Computational Theory Of Mind ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Computational Theory ◽  
Bodily Experiences ◽  
Abstract Notion ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Material Bodies

When I point to an object, you and I can agree on what it is (a red, round cup). How does our brain (matter) represent such notions? And how do we (distinct material bodies) apparently converge so we can talk about the same things? Cognitive scientists and philosophers have long assumed that people share abstract concepts (e.g., a cup); to explain how such abstract concepts can give rise to thinking, they further proposed the computational theory of mind. But theories of “embodied cognition” assert that cognition is all “in people’s bones.” What we know as a cup is not an abstract notion but rather the bodily experiences of our sensory and motor interactions with a cup—its shiny color, how it feels in our hands, the smoothness of its surface, its weight, and shape. I suggest that “Embodiment” is alluring because it promises to resolve the mysteries of Dualism (how can material bodies encode the immaterial notion of a cup?) and the origins of ideas (how do we all converge on an understanding that allows us to talk about the same things?). The solution is strikingly simple—just remove the “mind” from the equation. If there is no (immaterial) knowledge, then we no longer need to worry about how knowledge arises from the body and how knowledge can be learned. As discussed in the previous chapter, people erroneously believe that “if it’s in my body” then “it’s inborn.” Dualism and essentialism thus explain some of the lure of embodied cognition.

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