scholarly journals Hyperlinkkien funktiot ja kirjoittaja- ja lukijapositiot

Virittäjä ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elina Vitikka
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Anchor Text ◽  
Academic Texts ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Lay Reader ◽  
Popular Texts ◽  
Blog Posts

Artikkelissa tarkastellaan hyperlinkkien funktioita yleistajuisissa ja tutkittuun tietoon perustuvissa terveys- ja ravitsemusaiheisissa blogiteksteissä sekä blogiteksteihin linkkien kautta kirjoittuvia kirjoittaja- ja lukijapositioita. Ydinaineistona on 30 suomenkielistä ja yleistajuista blogitekstiä. Ydinaineistosta tehtyjä havaintoja tuetaan vertailuaineistolla, toisten vastaavien asiantuntijoiden kirjoittamilla blogiteksteillä. Teoreettisena tausta-ajatuksena analyysissa on käsitys kielen dialogisuudesta: kielenkäyttö on aina osa vuorovaikutuksen jatkumoa, ja kielelliset valinnat ohjaavat sitä, minkälainen kirjoittaja ja lukija vuorovaikutuksessa rakentuu. Hyperlinkkien funktioita lähestytään sen kielellisen toiminnan kautta, jonka osaksi linkit tekstissä asettuvat. Artikkelissa havainnollistetaan, miten hyperlinkin perusfunktion, viittaamisen, lisäksi linkit saavat muitakin funktioita, kuten lisätiedon tai lähdeviitteiden tarjoaminen, argumentin tukeminen sekä tekstin puheenaiheen kontekstualisoiminen. Linkkien avulla kirjoittaja voi myös osoittaa kuulumistaan muiden asiantuntijoiden kanssa samaan yhteisöön ja vahvistaa omaa asiantuntija-asemaansa. Blogiteksteihin kirjoittuvia lukijapositioita puolestaan tarkastellaan yhtäältä linkkien kohdetekstien kautta: kun linkeillä viitataan tutkimusartikkeliin, lukijapositioon voi hahmottua asiantuntija, ja kun viitataan yleistajuiseen tekstiin, lukijaksi voi hahmottua maallikko. Toisaalta pelkästään linkin kohdeteksti ei määrittele lukijapositioita, sillä myös linkkiä ympäröivä kielellinen toiminta ja linkin ankkuriteksti rakentavat kirjoittaja–lukija-suhdetta: missä määrin kirjoittaja ohjaa lukijaa hyperlinkin avaamiseen ja auttaa kohdetekstin relevanssin tulkinnassa. Lisäksi blogitekstien kynnystekstit, kuten blogin tarkoitusta esittelevä teksti, avaavat blogille tietynlaisia lukijapositioita. Siten tieteellisiinkin teksteihin viittaavien linkkien voi tulkita vahvistavan kirjoittajan asiantuntijuutta myös maallikkolukijan silmissä.   Hyperlinks: Functions, writers-in-the-text and readers-in-the-text The article studies what kinds of functions hyperlinks have in popular health and nutrition blog posts and what kinds of writers-in-the-text and readers-in-the-text are created through the hyperlinks. The main data consists of 30 Finnish popular blog posts written by a health and nutrition expert. Results from the main data are supported with posts written by other experts from the same field. The theoretical framework of the article is that of dialogism: language is always part of interaction, and the writer-in-the-text and the reader-in-the-text are constructed through linguistic choices within that interaction. The article presents the types of patterned sequence of actions in which hyperlinks interact in the blog posts and what kinds of functions – besides merely referential – they fulfil: they are used to provide additional information, as references to studies, to back up arguments, and to contextualise discourse topics. With the help of hyperlinks, the writer can also demonstrate belonging to a group of other experts and establish her/his position as an expert. When analysing the readers-in-the-text of the blog posts, the focus is on the target texts behind the links: academic articles can be seen as constructing an expert reader, and popular texts a lay reader. However, the target text is not the only factor determining the reader-in-the-text, but the sequential actions surrounding the link and the anchor text construct the reader–writer relationship: to what extent does the writer guide the reader to open the hyperlink and help her/him to interpret the relevance of the target text? In addition, the paratexts of blog posts, i.e. the texts introducing the blog’s aims, also create certain kinds of readers. Thus, hyperlinks that refer to academic texts can be seen to construct the authority of the writer also in the eyes of a lay reader.

Central Language Hypothesis in the Decision-Making Process

2016 ◽  
pp. 66-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duygu Buğa
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Limbic Cortex ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Discussion Section ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Brain

The purpose of this chapter is to explore the potential connection between neuroeconomics and the Central Language Hypothesis (CLH) which refers to the language placed within the subconscious mind of an individual. The CLH forwards that in the brains of bilingual and multilingual people, one language is more suppressive as it dominates reflexes, emotions, and senses. This central language (CL) is located at the centre of the limbic cortex of the brain. Therefore, when there is a stimulus on the limbic cortex (e.g., fear, anxiety, sadness), the brain produces the central language. The chapter begins with an Introduction followed by a Theoretical Framework. The next section discusses the neurolinguistic projection of the central language and includes the survey and the results used in this study. The Discussion section provides additional information regarding the questionnaire and the CLH, followed by Future Research Directions, Implications, and finally the Conclusion.

scholarly journals INTERPERSONALITY IN RESEARCH ARTICLE ABSTRACTS: A DIACHRONIC CASE STUDY

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-99
Author(s):  
Jana Kozubíková Šandová
Keyword(s):  
Applied Linguistics ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Academic Discourse ◽  
Academic Texts ◽  
Research Article ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Diachronic Changes ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Linguistic Means

Research article (RA) abstracts are not mere shortened versions of the research article content but constitute a separate genre of academic discourse with its own specific features, one of them being its interactional nature. This paper explores interactional metadiscourse markers occurring in RA abstracts from the diachronic perspective. The main focus is therefore on variation and change in the use of these linguistic means since it may be expected that their distribution could evolve over time, even though scholars follow specifi c writing conventions when writing RA abstracts. Connected with this is the question whether growth in the mean length of RA abstracts has led to any rhetorical change. Providing an answer to this question is another aim of this paper. The study is based on a corpus of 96 RA abstracts from the fi eld of Applied Linguistics published in a prestigious linguistic journal entitled Journal of Pragmatics over the course of the last 35 years. The theoretical framework followed here is the taxonomy of metadiscourse proposed by Hyland (2005a), which is particularly convenient as it off ers a pragmatically-grounded method of analysing interactional metadiscourse markers in academic texts. As the results suggest, the distribution of interactional metadiscourse markers has undergone diachronic changes, e.g. in the use of hedging and boosting devices, confi rming the dynamic character of this often overlooked genre of academic discourse with regard to its interpersonal aspects.

scholarly journals A Framework for Evaluating the Retrieval Effectiveness of Search Engines

2012 ◽  
pp. 456-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Lewandowski
Keyword(s):  
Search Engines ◽  
Web Search ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Short Description ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Reliable Test ◽  
General Design ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Retrieval Effectiveness

This chapter presents a theoretical framework for evaluating next generation search engines. The author focuses on search engines whose results presentation is enriched with additional information and does not merely present the usual list of “10 blue links,” that is, of ten links to results, accompanied by a short description. While Web search is used as an example here, the framework can easily be applied to search engines in any other area. The framework not only addresses the results presentation, but also takes into account an extension of the general design of retrieval effectiveness tests. The chapter examines the ways in which this design might influence the results of such studies and how a reliable test is best designed.

scholarly journals 'Did you say oral literature?' asked Walter Ong

Literator ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-130
Author(s):  
J. Alant
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Cultural Studies ◽  
Literary Theory ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
Oral Literature ◽  
Walter Ong ◽  
Oral Theory ◽  
Popular Texts

This article investigates whether there is a theoretical framework for the notion of oral literature that is common to both oral theory and literary theory. The notion of oral literature has, within oral theory, generally been put to an anthropological - rather than literary - use. Because of particular difficulties involved with the appreciation of the textual properties of the oral text, a modernist approach proves unsatisfactory. A solution for the theoretical difficulty of integrating oral literature into literary theory is sought via a particular post-modernist view of literature, namely Anthony Easthope’s reconceptualisation of literary studies as study of signifying practice ("cultural studies") open to both literary and popular texts. Given the exclusivity of the notion of popular culture, centred on misconceptions relating to the constructedness of the oral text, the notion of oral literature continues, however, to operate in a theoretical void.

scholarly journals Negotiating Soundscape: Practice and Regulation of Adzan in Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-84
Author(s):  
Siti Aliyuna Pratisti
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Social Aspect ◽  
Current Development ◽  
Government Regulations ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
The Social

This article explores the historical context of practice and regulation of Adzan in Indonesia. As historical underpinnings, this article will follow a structural timeline of post-independence Indonesia to the current development of the state’s regulations of Adzan. To understand the social context of Adzan, Schafer’s conception of Soundmark and Hirschkind’s ethical soundscapes will be employed as theoretical framework to analyze how Indonesian (government and civil society) negotiates social tension caused by the use of loudspeaker in Indonesian mosques. Government regulations will be used as primary sources, while newspaper, journal and websites, provide additional information on the practice and regulations of Adzan in Indonesia. This article, however, will limit its study to the historical and social aspect of Adzan. Discussion on the theological aspect will not be covered by this article.

Mind wandering as data augmentation: How mental travel supports abstraction

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myrthe Faber
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Data Augmentation ◽  
Mental Content ◽  
Mind Wandering ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Important Addition

Abstract Gilead et al. state that abstraction supports mental travel, and that mental travel critically relies on abstraction. I propose an important addition to this theoretical framework, namely that mental travel might also support abstraction. Specifically, I argue that spontaneous mental travel (mind wandering), much like data augmentation in machine learning, provides variability in mental content and context necessary for abstraction.

Production of New and Revised A.A.V.S.O. Charts

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 368
Author(s):  
Clinton B. Ford
Keyword(s):  
Variable Star ◽  
Standard Form ◽  
Original Data ◽  
University Of Pennsylvania ◽  
Standard Format ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
The Gift ◽  
The University

A “new charts program” for the Americal Association of Variable Star Observers was instigated in 1966 via the gift to the Association of the complete variable star observing records, charts, photographs, etc. of the late Prof. Charles P. Olivier of the University of Pennsylvania (USA). Adequate material covering about 60 variables, not previously charted by the AAVSO, was included in this original data, and was suitably charted in reproducible standard format.Since 1966, much additional information has been assembled from other sources, three Catalogs have been issued which list the new or revised charts produced, and which specify how copies of same may be obtained. The latest such Catalog is dated June 1978, and lists 670 different charts covering a total of 611 variables none of which was charted in reproducible standard form previous to 1966.

Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-315
Author(s):  
G. Lehmpfuhl
Keyword(s):  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Crystal Surface ◽  
Diffraction Spot ◽  
Crystal Thickness ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Microscopic Investigations

Introduction In electron microscopic investigations of crystalline specimens the direct observation of the electron diffraction pattern gives additional information about the specimen. The quality of this information depends on the quality of the crystals or the crystal area contributing to the diffraction pattern. By selected area diffraction in a conventional electron microscope, specimen areas as small as 1 µ in diameter can be investigated. It is well known that crystal areas of that size which must be thin enough (in the order of 1000 Å) for electron microscopic investigations are normally somewhat distorted by bending, or they are not homogeneous. Furthermore, the crystal surface is not well defined over such a large area. These are facts which cause reduction of information in the diffraction pattern. The intensity of a diffraction spot, for example, depends on the crystal thickness. If the thickness is not uniform over the investigated area, one observes an averaged intensity, so that the intensity distribution in the diffraction pattern cannot be used for an analysis unless additional information is available.

Microtubule nucleation sequence studied by time-resolved x-ray scattering and electron microscopy

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 766-767
Author(s):  
Eva-Maria Mandelkow ◽  
Eckhard Mandelkow ◽  
Joan Bordas
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Microtubule Growth ◽  
Ray Patterns ◽  
Ray Scattering

When a solution of microtubule protein is changed from non-polymerising to polymerising conditions (e.g. by temperature jump or mixing with GTP) there is a series of structural transitions preceding microtubule growth. These have been detected by time-resolved X-ray scattering using synchrotron radiation, and they may be classified into pre-nucleation and nucleation events. X-ray patterns are good indicators for the average behavior of the particles in solution, but they are difficult to interpret unless additional information on their structure is available. We therefore studied the assembly process by electron microscopy under conditions approaching those of the X-ray experiment. There are two difficulties in the EM approach: One is that the particles important for assembly are usually small and not very regular and therefore tend to be overlooked. Secondly EM specimens require low concentrations which favor disassembly of the particles one wants to observe since there is a dynamic equilibrium between polymers and subunits.

Edge Penetration Effects in the Low-Loss Electron Image in the SEM

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 202-203
Author(s):  
Oliver C. Wells
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Beam Energy ◽  
Secondary Electron ◽  
Sharp Edge ◽  
Beam Diameter ◽  
Low Loss ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Electron Image ◽  
Scanning Electron

The low-loss electron (LLE) image in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) is useful for the study of uncoated photoresist and some other poorly conducting specimens because it is less sensitive to specimen charging than is the secondary electron (SE) image. A second advantage can arise from a significant reduction in the width of the “penetration fringe” close to a sharp edge. Although both of these problems can also be solved by operating with a beam energy of about 1 keV, the LLE image has the advantage that it permits the use of a higher beam energy and therefore (for a given SEM) a smaller beam diameter. It is an additional attraction of the LLE image that it can be obtained simultaneously with the SE image, and this gives additional information in many cases. This paper shows the reduction in penetration effects given by the use of the LLE image.

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