scholarly journals Fertility Development in the Baltic Countries Since 1990: a Transformation in the Context of Long-term Trends

2009 ◽  
pp. 7-32
Author(s):  
Kalev Katus ◽  
Allan Puur ◽  
Luule Sakkeus ◽  
Asta Poldma
Keyword(s):  
Path Dependence ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Fertility Level ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
Parity Distribution ◽  
Cohabiting Couples ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
The Baltic

The article addresses the transformation of fertility patterns in the Baltic countries since the turn of the 1990s, in the context of long-term trends. The purpose of the study is to compare the change in fertility level, parity distribution, timing of childbearing, and the connection between marriage and childbearing in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, and analyze the position of the Baltic countries in a broader European perspective. Our results indicate a salient role of tempo effects in the sharp decline of period fertility measures that occurred in the region in the 1990s. Tempo-adjusted measures indicate moderately low fertility levels of 1.6-1.7 children per woman in the region. In the recent years, fertility levels have been rising in all three countries with recuperation being more vigorous in Estonia and less so in Lithuania. Estonia and Latvia also appear more advanced in terms of the spread of childbearing among cohabiting couples, with the proportion of non-marital births comparable to Scandinavian countries. The article discusses the factors underlying the observed similarities and dissimilarities in fertility patterns, pointing to the plausible demographic path dependence.

scholarly journals EXPLORATION OF HEALTHY AGEING DETERMINANTS IN BALTIC STATES

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 414-427
Author(s):  
Madara Miķelsone ◽  
Diāna Baltmane ◽  
Ieva Reine ◽  
Sigita Sniķere ◽  
Andrejs Ivanovs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Ability ◽  
Healthy Ageing ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
Psychological Determinants ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
Preventive Actions ◽  
Intrinsic Capacity ◽  
The Baltic

According to the WHO, healthy ageing is characterized by such interrelated determinants as intrinsic capacity, functional ability and environment. An individual's intrinsic capacity is a powerful predictor of the future ageing process and includes 5 areas - cognitive, psychological, sensory, locomotion and vitality. Exploration of these areas can provide necessary information for therapeutic and preventive actions that can be tailored to an individual's needs, priorities and values to support participation and quality of life. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare healthy ageing determinants of older individuals in the Baltic States. The research was based on the sample of older individuals (50 years and older) from wave 8 of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) during the period from November 2019 to March 2020. The obtained results indicate a low level/poor results in such determinants as locomotion, sensory, vitality and functional ability (more than 50% of the respondents among the Baltic countries has poor health, various long-term illnesses, limitations in daily activities, suffer from moderate or severe pain, requires help to meet daily needs, etc.), has various behavioral risks, however has higher assessment of cognitive and psychological determinants.

Path Dependence Problem: The Evolution of Approaches

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-17
Author(s):  
Alexandr Auzan
Keyword(s):  
Path Dependence ◽  
Vice President ◽  
Board Of Trustees ◽  
Scientific Discussion ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Institutional Issues ◽  
Dependence Problem ◽  
Keynote Speech

On 27 September, 2014, the Faculty of Economics of Lomonosov MSU celebrated the 60th anniversary of the dean Alexander Auzan in the form of a scientific discussion. The subject matter of the symposium was “The institutional issues of the long-term socio-economic dynamics”. The symposium was attended by more than 400 people including I. Abankina, T. Abankina, A. Aksakov, L. Alexeyeva, A. Arkhangelsky, Y. Beletsky, A. Dolgin, R. Enikolopov, S. Glazyev, A. Gnedovsky, A. Isaykin, R. Kapelyushnikov, G. Kleiner, B. Lapidus, A. Levinson, P. Medvedev, A. Nechayev, R. Nureev, L. Ovcharova, V. Polterovich, K. Rogov, A. Savatyugin, S. Shapiguzov, B. Skvortsov, G. Tosunyan, K. Zimarin, D. Zimin, N. Zubarevich. Elvira Nabiullina, a graduate of the Faculty and the head of the Faculty’s Board of Trustees, opened the symposium. Alexander Auzan presented the keynote speech where he addressed such topics as path dependence, modernization as an issue and as a hypothesis, the role of informal institutions and universities. The discussion was moderated by Ilya Lomakin-Rumyantsev, the vice-president of the Faculty’s Development Council. The path dependence problem is presented in the article from an interdisciplinary perspective. First insights into this problem appeared in the writings of Russian philosophers of the late XIX - early XX century, long before the American economists received the Nobel Prize for framing of the problem. Later the problem was specified in quantitative studies, followed by some versions of explanations. The new political economy raises the question of what can be done to cope with the problem and why certain hypotheses have failed. Individual studies of the author and his colleagues are primarily related to the role of universities.

scholarly journals Long-term trends in Secchi depth in the Baltic Sea

1996 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 346-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Sandén ◽  
Bertil Håkansson
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Secchi Depth ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
The Baltic

Intergroup Communication: The Baltic Countries

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Ehala
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Intergroup Communication ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
Russian Speakers ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Urban Minorities ◽  
The Baltic

The focus of intergroup communication research in the Baltic countries is on interethnic relations. All three countries have Russian-speaking urban minorities whose process of integration with Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian majorities has been extensively studied. During the Soviet era when the Russian-speaking communities in the Baltic countries were formed, they enjoyed majority status and privileges. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, there was a status reversal as Russian speakers become minorities in the newly emerged national states. The integration of once monolingual Russian-speaking communities has been the major social challenge for the Baltic states, particularly for Estonia and Latvia where they constitute about 30% of the population. Besides the Russian-speaking minorities, each of the Baltic countries has also one other significant minority. In Estonia it is Võro, a linguistically closely related group to Estonians; in Latvia it is Latgalians, closely related to Latvians; and in Lithuania, it is the Polish minority. Unlike the Russian-speaking urban minorities of fairly recent origin, the other minorities are largely rural and native in their territories. The intergroup communication between the majorities and Russian-speaking minorities in the Baltic countries has often analyzed by a triadic nexus consisting of the minority, the nationalizing state, and the external homeland (Russia). In recent analyses, the European Union (through its institutions) has often been added as an additional player. The intergroup communication between the majorities and the Russian-speaking communities is strongly affected by conflicting collective memories over 20th-century history. While the titular nations see the Soviet time as occupation, the Russian speakers prefer to see the positive role of the Soviet Union in defeating Hitler and reconstructing the countries’ economy. These differences have resulted in some symbolic violence such as relocation of the Bronze Soldier monument in Estonia and the riots that it provoked. Recent annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation and the role of the Ukrainian Russian speakers in the secessionist war in the Eastern Ukraine have raised fears that Russia is trying to use its influence over its compatriots in the Baltic countries for similar ends. At the same time, the native minorities of Võro and Latgalians are going through emancipation and have demanded more recognition. This movement is seen by some among the Estonian and Latvian majorities as attempts to weaken the national communities that are already in trouble with integrating the Russian speakers. In Lithuania, some historical disagreements exist also between the Lithuanians and Polish, since the area of their settlement around capital Vilnius used to be part of Poland before World War II. The Baltic setting is particularly interesting for intergroup communication purposes, since the three countries have several historical parallels: the Russian-speaking communities have fairly similar origin, but different size and prominence, as do the titular groups. These differences in the power balance between the majority and minority have been one of the major factors that have motivated different rhetoric by the nationalizing states, which has resulted in noticeably different outcomes in each setting.

Economic Wood Supply — Problems and Opportunities: Choices for Canada's Forest Industry

1990 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger A. Sedjo
Keyword(s):  
Forest Resource ◽  
Plantation Forest ◽  
Broad Perspective ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Intensive Forest Management ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Intensively Managed

This paper examines the role of Canada in world forest resource production. A broad overview of global timber supply is presented together with an overview of likely future sources. The discussion covers both regions of supply as well as the nature of the forest resource — old growth, second growth, and plantation forest. Within this broad perspective some long-term trends and tendencies are identified. The growing role of plantation and intensively managed forestry is discussed. Canada's strengths and liabilities as a forest resource supplier are discussed within this context. It is argued that Canada cannot compete successfully with semi-tropical regions in intensive forest management. Rather, Canada appears to have the features necessary to compete in world wood markets using a strategy of extensive forestry that takes advantage of Canada's vast forest land areas.

scholarly journals CHANGING PERIPHERY OF THE BALTIC CITIES: LITHUANIAN CASE

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matas Cirtautas
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Urban Policy ◽  
Coordinated Development ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
The Baltic

Urban sprawl is one of the dominant types of urban development in the world. Although outer growth started from the outset of cities, urban researchers, planners and policy makers are highly concerned about its current extent. Recent development of the Baltic cities and especially trends of their suburban growth have been analysed only partly, because of the relative novelty of the phenomenon and well-established dominance of western cities in the field. This paper attempts to fill this gap and presents a research on conditions and consequences of extensive development of Lithuanian cities. Evidences from the recent growth of the Baltic cities show that decline and sprawl take place simultaneously in major urban regions with possible long-term consequences on their spatial structure. Therefore, this article advocates a need to revise urban policy in the Baltic countries and promote coordinated development of urban and suburban areas in the context of prevailing negative demographic trends and limited capacity of central and local governments to interfere in urban development processes.

Irregular Migration, Human Smuggling, and the Eastern Enlargement of the European Union

2007 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Jandl
Keyword(s):  
Eu Enlargement ◽  
Human Smuggling ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eastern Enlargement ◽  
Irregular Migration ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Long Term Trends

This article examines the consequences of the latest round of EU-Enlargement in May 2004 on irregular migration across Central and Eastern Europe. Drawing on a unique collection of both quantitative and qualitative data related to irregular migration and human smuggling, the article first presents some long-term trends in irregular migration across the region before taking up more recent developments in 2003 and 2004. While border apprehensions have broadly declined since about 2000 there is ample evidence for an increasing role of human smugglers in facilitating irregular migration. In addition, there are noticeable changes in the modus operandi of human smugglers.

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