scholarly journals Family dynamics in the Baltic Sea Area

1997 ◽  
pp. 114-126
Author(s):  
Marketta Ritamies
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Family Dynamics ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Soviet System ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
European Development ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Sea Area ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this article is to describe family dynamics in 1970-1996 in the five Baltic Sea countries of Sweden. Finland. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. In addition. France. Italy, and Poland will be included in the examination as countries of comparison representing Western. Southern, and Eastern Europe. The development which has occurred in the family formation, childbirth, and dissolution of families in the Baltic Sea countries will be examined using available statistical and research data. They will be used to discuss whether family dynamics in the Baltic Sea area reflects pan-European development and how family formation in the Baltic countries has been affected by earlier cultural and religious traditions, in addition to the impact of the Soviet system. It has been noted that, in some respects, family formation development in the Baltic Sea countries in 1970-96, concerning the development of the marriage rate, for example, has reflected pan-European development. The countries in this group are. however, quite heterogeneous in regard to their family formation development. Sweden has been a pioneer in change and Finland has usually followed behind somewhat later. In the family formation of the Baltic countries, and above all. in the age at first marriage and the age at first birth, there is clear evidence of the influence of the Soviet system. Nevertheless, there are also features of their family formation which come close to development in Western Europe more than in Eastern European countries, in general. For example, the increasing prevalence in Estonia of extramarital births is most likely a manifestation of the impact of cultural traditions. Traditions apparently have also quickened the unusually rapid change in family formation occurring in the Baltic countries after the collapse of the Soviet system.

scholarly journals Geodetic SAR for Height System Unification and Sea Level Research—Observation Concept and Preliminary Results in the Baltic Sea

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 3747
Author(s):  
Thomas Gruber ◽  
Jonas Ågren ◽  
Detlef Angermann ◽  
Artu Ellmann ◽  
Andreas Engfeldt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Early Results ◽  
Height System ◽  
First Results ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Sea Area ◽  
The Impact

Traditionally, sea level is observed at tide gauge stations, which usually also serve as height reference stations for national leveling networks and therefore define a height system of a country. One of the main deficiencies to use tide gauge data for geodetic sea level research and height systems unification is that only a few stations are connected to the geometric network of a country by operating permanent GNSS receivers next to the tide gauge. As a new observation technique, absolute positioning by SAR using active transponders on ground can fill this gap by systematically observing time series of geometric heights at tide gauge stations. By additionally knowing the tide gauge geoid heights in a global height reference frame, one can finally obtain absolute sea level heights at each tide gauge. With this information the impact of climate change on the sea level can be quantified in an absolute manner and height systems can be connected across the oceans. First results from applying this technique at selected tide gauges at the Baltic coasts are promising but also exhibit some problems related to the new technique. The paper presents the concept of using the new observation type in an integrated sea level observing system and provides some early results for SAR positioning in the Baltic sea area.

The Importance of Containers for the Deposition and Non-Retrieval of Silver Hoards

2018 ◽  
pp. 169-188
Author(s):  
Jacek Gruszczynski
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Soil Chemistry ◽  
Viking Age ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Northern Germany ◽  
New Model ◽  
Local Soil ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Sea Area ◽  
The Impact

This chapter investigates the reasons for the deposition and non-retrieval of Viking Age silver hoards, focusing on the two areas with the biggest hoard concentrations in the Baltic zone: Gotland and Pomerania (the southern shore of the Baltic sea area in modern-day northern Germany and Poland). The chapter advances a new model for determining the possible reasons for hoard deposition and non-retrieval, arguing that hoards intended for retrieval were placed in containers, with containerless hoards likely deposited for ritual motives, without the intention of recovery. The impact on local soil chemistry on the preservation of hoard containers is considered. The evidence for containers is then integrated with analysis of the weight of hoards and local settlement archaeology. A key finding is that, on Gotland, the practice of symbolically depositing small silver hoards on ‘broken fields’ (newly established farms) was widespread.

scholarly journals The impact of nitrogen and sulphur emissions from shipping on exceedances of critical loads in the Baltic Sea region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Jutterström ◽  
Filip Moldan ◽  
Jana Moldanová ◽  
Matthias Karl ◽  
Volker Matthias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Critical Loads ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Sea Area ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The emissions of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) species to the atmosphere from shipping significantly contribute to S and N deposition near the coast, and to acidification and/or eutrophication of soils and freshwaters. In the countries around the Baltic Sea the shipping volume and its relative importance as a source of emissions are expected to increase if an efficient regulation would not be implemented. To assess the extent of environmental damage due to ship emissions for the Baltic Sea area, the exceedance of critical loads (CLs) for N and S has been calculated for the years 2012 and 2040. The paper evaluates the effects of several future scenarios including the implementation of NECA and SECA (Nitrogen resp. Sulphur Emission Control Areas). The implementation of NECA and SECA caused a significant decrease in exceedance of critical loads for N as a nutrient while the impact on the – already much lower – exceedance of critical loads for acidification was less pronounced. The relative contribution from Baltic shipping to the total deposition decreased from 2012 to the 2040 scenarios for both S and N. In contrast to exceedances of CLs for acidification, shipping still has an impact on exceedances for eutrophication in 2040.

scholarly journals Editorial Foreword

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-6
Author(s):  
Silviu-Marian Miloiu
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Literature Teaching ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Impact

On 28-29 May 2020 in full Coronavirus pandemic upsurge and lockdown conditions the Eleventh Conference on Baltic and Nordic Studies gathered on Zoom instead of The Palace of Culture and The Middle Age Citadel of Târgu Mureș as initially planned. The meeting was summoned in partnership with Rethinking Europe in order to reflect, from the perspective of the Baltic Sea Region, upon the Old Continent in the context of Brexit and the pandemic. Questions on the impact of the recent evolutions on Baltic and Scandinavian states have been raised, but the perspective was much wider looking on how the countries of this region responded to structural changes or alterations of the international environment over time. The two plenary sessions on the EU after Brexit: Perspectives on the Future of Europe and Constructions of Christian Identity and the Idea of the Holy Land in the Northern Periphery: The Sawley World Map in Twelfth-Century England appropriately mirrored the sequential diversity of the conference. Panels have been devoted to Encounters, fantasies and perceptions in shaping Europe, Rethinking Europe in Nordic and Baltic cultures, Rethinking the Baltic Sea Region in Europe during the interwar period, Rethinking Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea Region in Europe during the two world wars, Intercultural relations in the Nordic and Baltic countries, Reception of Nordic literature, New perspectives on Norwegian literature, Teaching and use of Nordic languages. The main theories, concepts and ideas presented are resumed in the Book of Abstracts published before the conference, while the full papers are assembled in volume 12, issues 1 and 2 of our biannual peer review journal. The Honorary Chair of the Conference, Her Excellency Dr. Violeta Motulaitė, Ambassador of the Republic of Lithuania in Romania and Bulgaria, Honorary President of the Romanian Association for Baltic and Nordic Studies, has focused in her lecture, published in this issue, on the Lithuanian perspective of the current European Brexit and Covid crisis, professing that:

scholarly journals Real income and population prospects in the Baltic Sea Area

1997 ◽  
pp. 127-132
Author(s):  
Pekka Parkkinen
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Real Income ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Sea Area

The nine nations bordering on the Baltic Sea differ greatly in regard to both their population and their economic situation. Russia has one hundred times the population of Estonia and in Denmark the real income per capita is six times that of Latvia. When measured by real income per inhabitant, the poor Baltic countries are about half a century behind their rich neighbors, so that there is marked economic pressure to emigrate to these rich neighboring countries. In these poor transition economies the birth rate has plummeted during the last few years and the difference in life expectancy compared to the rich neighboring countries has increased. Even in a situation of rapid economic growth, it is not at all certain that the fertility rate will return to its earlier level.

Behavioural responses of voles to simulated risk of predation by a native and an alien mustelid: an odour manipulation experiment

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Fey ◽  
Peter B. Banks ◽  
Hannu Ylönen ◽  
Erkki Korpimäki
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Predation Risk ◽  
Myodes Glareolus ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Alien Predator ◽  
Risk Of Predation ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Impact

Context. Potential mammalian prey commonly use the odours of their co-evolved predators to manage their risks of predation. But when the risk comes from an unknown source of predation, odours might not be perceived as dangerous, and anti-predator responses may fail, except possibly if the alien predator is of the same archetype as a native predator. Aims. In the present study we examined anti-predator behavioural responses of voles from the outer archipelagos of the Baltic Sea, south-western Finland, where they have had no resident mammalian predators in recent history. Methods. We investigated responses of field voles (Microtus agrestis) to odours of native least weasels (Mustela nivalis) and a recently invading alien predator, the American mink (Mustela vison), in laboratory. We also studied the short-term responses of free-ranging field voles and bank voles (Myodes glareolus) to simulated predation risk by alien mink on small islands in the outer archipelago of the Baltic Sea. Key results. In the laboratory, voles avoided odour cues of native weasel but not of alien mink. It is possible that the response to mink is a context dependent learned response which could not be induced in the laboratory, whereas the response to weasel is innate. In the field, however, voles reduced activity during their normal peak-activity times at night as a response to simulated alien-mink predation risk. No other shifts in space use or activity in safer microhabitats or denser vegetation were apparent. Conclusions. Voles appeared to recognise alien minks as predators from their odours in the wild. However, reduction in activity is likely to be only a short-term immediate response to mink presence, which is augmented by longer-term strategies of habitat shift. Because alien mink still strongly suppresses vole dynamics despite these anti-predator responses, we suggest that behavioural naiveté may be the primary factor in the impact of an alien predator on native prey. Implications. Prey naiveté has long been considered as the root cause of the devastating impacts of alien predators, whereby native prey simply fail to recognise and respond to the novel predation risk. Our results reveal a more complex form of naiveté whereby native prey appeared to recognise alien predators as a threat but their response is ultimately inadequate. Thus, recognition alone is unlikely to afford protection for native prey from alien-predator impacts. Thus, management strategies that, for example, train prey in recognition of novel threats must induce effective responses if they are expected to succeed.

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