scholarly journals Cybersecurity Policymaking in the BRICS Countries: From Addressing National Priorities to Seeking International Cooperation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Luca Belli
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
Legal Frameworks

In the concluding statement of the 2021 BRICS Summit, the bloc’s five members—Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa—pledged to pursue enhanced cooperation on cybersecurity issues, including by “establishing legal frameworks of cooperation among BRICS” and a BRICS intergovernmental agreement on cybersecurity. This piece briefly outlines the mounting relevance of cybersecurity for the BRICS countries, recent national policymaking in this area in the bloc, and the dynamics at play as the BRICS countries seek to further intensify and structure their cooperation on cybersecurity matters.

scholarly journals PRIORITIES AND POSSIBLE RISKS OF THE BRICS COUNTRIES’ COOPERATION IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 33-60
Author(s):  
V. Kiselev ◽  
E. Nechaeva
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Technology And Innovation ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
Research Systems ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Innovation Cooperation ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
Science Technology And Innovation

The viewpoint of most countries towards participation in programs and projects of international science and technology cooperation (ISTC) is based on the fact that collaboration in research and development allows them to increase the efficiency of national research systems and accelerate the inflow of new knowledge and technologies. The BRICS countries share this viewpoint; however, their aspirations go further, extending their concerns and expectations to cooperation in the sphere of innovation. BRICS – the association of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa – was established in June 2006 at the St. Petersburg economic forum (South Africa a participant since 2011). Its results in establishing frameworks for cooperation in many sectors of their economies including science, technology and innovation demonstrate an unusually rapid growth. The BRICS countries’ cooperation in science, technology and innovation started in 2014; since then, the five countries have carried out important steps in bringing together their practical approaches to science, technology and innovation cooperation.This article is devoted to an analysis of the dynamics of the BRICS countries’ cooperation in science, technology and innovation, and the possible risks and problems in the organization and implementation of joint projects. The need to go further in elaborating legal frameworks for international science, technology and innovation cooperation that would support the transition of their cooperation activities from science and technology to innovation is underlined.

Remedies in BRICS Countries

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Avdasheva ◽  
Tatiana Radchenko
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Market Performance ◽  
International Division ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Managerial Decisions ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
Target Company ◽  
Specific Position

Within the group of BRICS, China, Russia, and South Africa use conduct remedies more often than developed jurisdictions. Remedies are applied under merger approval or as an outcome of investigation of anticompetitive conducts. Effects of conduct remedies on companies’ decisions and market performance still need explanation. This chapter explains the use of conduct remedies, with special emphasis on Russia, by the specific position of BRICS in international division of labor, which allows the large companies, and first of all domestic ones, to discriminate customers in BRICS home markets, vis-à-vis international customers. Together with positive effects on domestic customers, competition economics predicts the possibility of negative effects of remedies on the managerial decisions within the target company. Under some circumstances, remedies may even weaken competition in the global product markets.

scholarly journals The Integration of Conventional Equity Indices with Environmental, Social, and Governance Indices: Evidence from Emerging Economies

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 676
Author(s):  
Ramiz ur Rehman ◽  
Muhammad Zain ul Abidin ◽  
Rizwan Ali ◽  
Safwan Mohd Nor ◽  
Muhammad Akram Naseem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Impulse Response Function ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Individual Country ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Integration Test ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Equity Indices

This study investigates the integration of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) equity indices with conventional indices in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) individually and across all BRICS countries to better understand regional economic cooperation. Accordingly, we look at daily returns from 13 July 2013 to 28 February 2018 for the Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) ESG indices and MSCI composite indices of the respective countries. To analyze the integration between the ESG equity indices of the sampled countries with their regional and across regional conventional counterparts, the Johansen Co-integration test is employed in this study. Further, the vector error correction model (VECM) is applied to test the causality between the sampled time-series. The impulse response function analysis further explains the impulse responses of each country’s MSCI ESG returns to one standard deviation of innovations to MSCI composite returns of the same country and across countries. Finally, the extent of the MSCI composite returns’ impact on the MSCI ESG returns in the same country indices, and cross-regional indices is examined with variance decomposition analysis. The results suggest that all ESG equity indices are integrated with conventional indices in all BRICS countries. Furthermore, there is a short-or long-run causality between MSCI ESG and MSCI composite equity indices of China and South Africa. Moreover, the study finds only short-run causality between conventional and non-conventional equity indices of Brazil and Russia, whereas we find only long-run causality between India’s non-conventional and conventional equity indices. Finally, the study finds that the all-individual country MSCI ESG equity indices shows a long-run causality with MSCI composite equity indices of all other BRICS countries. The findings also confirm the economic and financial cooperation between the BRICS countries.

scholarly journals Compensation Models for Community Health Workers: Comparison of Legal Frameworks across Five Countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine Ballard ◽  
Carey Westgate ◽  
Rebecca Alban ◽  
Nandini Choudhury ◽  
Rehan Adamjee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Community Health ◽  
Community Health Workers ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Law Firms ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Compensation Mechanisms ◽  
Legal Frameworks

Abstract Background Despite the life-saving work they perform, community health workers (CHWs) have long been subject to global debate about their remuneration. There is now, however, an emerging consensus that CHWs should be paid. As the discussion evolves from whether to financially remunerate CHWs to how to do so, there is an urgent need to better understand the types of CHW payment models and their implications. Methods This study examines the legal framework on CHW compensation in five countries: Brazil, Ghana, Nigeria, Rwanda, and South Africa. In order to map the characteristics of each approach, a standardized questionnaire was developed and targeted at local law firms. The questionnaire covered legal structures and requirements for compensation of CHWs, CHW compensation mechanisms, CHW legal protections and benefits, and alignment of national CHW policies with global guidelines. Results The five countries profiled represent possible archetypes for CHW compensation: Brazil (public), Ghana (volunteer-based), Nigeria (private), Rwanda (cooperatives with performance based incentives) and South Africa (hybrid public/private). Advantages and disadvantages of each model with respect to (i) CHWs, in terms of financial protection, and (ii) the public sector, in terms of ease of implementation, are outlined. Conclusions While a strong legal framework does not necessarily translate into high-quality implementation, it is the first necessary step. While certain approaches to CHW compensation - particularly public-sector or hybrid models with public sector wage floors - best institutionalize recommended CHW protections, political will and long-term financing often remain obstacles. Removing ecosystem barriers - such as multilateral and bilateral restrictions on the payment of salaries - can help governments institutionalize CHW payment.

scholarly journals The BRICS nations and their priorities

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 7-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslaw Przygoda
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Trade Association ◽  
World Population ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
Gross World Product ◽  
Global Affairs ◽  
Industrialised Countries

The so-called “BRICS nations” have recently proven to be the most fascinating group of worldwide economies that collaborate with each other. The name is an acronym for an association comprising Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The BRICS members are all developing or newly industrialised countries, they are however distinguished by their large, rapidly growing economies and their significant impact on regional and global affairs. Before the inclusion of South Africa, the organisation was known as BRIC. On 13 April 2011, when South Africa joined the group, BRIC gained the letter “S”. The name “BRIC” itself was used for the first time by Jim O’Neill, a British economist of Goldman Sachs. Published in November 2001 and then widespread, O’Neill’s forecast predicted that by the half of the 21st century those countries would have become world powers. As of 2014, the BRICS countries represent almost 3 billion people – approximately 40% of the entire world population. The five nations have a combined nominal GDP of US$ 16.039 trillion, equivalent to approximately 20% of the gross world product, and an estimated US$ 4 trillion in combined foreign reserves. Since 2010, the representatives of the BRICS government have been meeting annually at formal summits. The nations within this group do not form a political alliance or an official trade association. The priorities of the members are as follows: Development of a new currency system; Reforming the United Nations, Increasing the role of developing countries in the international monetary institutions. Having regard to the emerging political and economic changes on a global scale, the BRICS nations have been undertaking new ventures and initiatives aimed to make them key players on the international arena. Today, it is really captivating to see to what extent those intentions are real and exercisable.

WHAT DRIVES ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN BRICS COUNTRIES? EVIDENCE FROM ARDL BOUNDS TESTING APPROACH

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150053
Author(s):  
SMRUTI RANJAN BEHERA ◽  
TAPAS MISHRA ◽  
DEVI PRASAD DASH ◽  
LINGARAJ MALLICK
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Human Development ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Bounds Testing ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
Bounds Testing Approach ◽  
Testing Approach ◽  
Developed Nations

Rapid urbanization, openness and growth in human development index are some of the leading determinants of energy consumption in developing countries, particularly in BRICS economies (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa). Thanks to their innate tendency to converge to the growth path of developed nations, BRICS countries are under increasing pressure to limit high energy consumption — triggered by outsourcing from developed nations. This paper attempts to weigh the relative importance of various determinants of energy consumption in BRICS countries between 1980 and 2016, studying in-depth the long-run co-movement pattern of energy consumption with demographic characteristics (depicting demand pressure) and macroeconomic aggregates (depicting cheap production cost). By leveraging on the trade-off between domestic and foreign demand and by employing the autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach, we establish differential effects of various predictors: whilst an increase in population growth rate, gross domestic product and capital account openness exert a positive and significant impact on energy consumption in Brazil, China and South Africa, foreign direct investment (FDI) and human development appear to enhance energy consumption in India, China and South Africa. The growth in external demand and the FDI inflows appear to have pushed urbanization, leading to greater energy consumption during the study period. Keeping in mind the sustainability goal, stronger green energy practices and sustainable urbanization patterns are needed to curb excessive energy sources.

A human rights based approach to fighting corruption in Uganda and South Africa: shared perspectives and comparative lessons

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C Mubangizi
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
South African ◽  
Comparative Research ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Transitional Societies ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
Human Rights Based Approach ◽  
Elected Representatives ◽  
Cross National

ABSTRACT This article focuses on corruption in Uganda and South Africa. It begins with a brief analysis of the effects of corruption on the two countries before looking comparatively at their anti-corruption legal frameworks by analysing the relevant constitutional and legislative anti-corruption provisions. The choice of Uganda and South Africa for comparison is based on several factors. The two countries have much in common. They are both transitional societies with disturbing histories characterised by apartheid, oppression and repression in South Africa , and colonialism and military dictatorships in Uganda. In the mid-1990s, the two countries adopted new constitutions that contained Bills of Rights. Such similarities justify comparison for purposes of shared perspectives, approaches and good practices. Moreover, there are many benefits to be gained from comparative research involving cross-national studies - including a deeper understanding of how different countries do things in the context of differing political, cultural and socio-economic circumstances. The choice of the two countries is also based on the research interests of the author who, besides comparing Ugandan and South African ant-corruption approaches, also calls for a human rights based approach that empowers ordinary people to demand transparency, accountability and responsibility from elected representatives and public officials. Keywords: Corruption, human rights, constitution, legislation, South Africa, Uganda.

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