scholarly journals IMPULSE DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES CAUSED BY THE RANGE OF CERTAIN INFRASTRUCTURAL FACTORS. FORMS AND EXPERIENCE

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-108
Author(s):  
Pavliv A ◽  
◽  
Shuldan L ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Growth Spurt ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Urban Structures ◽  
Short Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference

The issue of impulse development of cities caused by different infrastructural factors is considered. It has been determined that rapid development of urban planning structure which occurred over a short period of time can be viewed as an effective urban planning impulse, with the exception of the following conditions, when they: a) did not lead to sustainable results, b) did not solve the basic problems of life support; c) originated from the modernist legacy of total urban planning, which considered the possibility of creating a large urban structure from scratch, based on a one-time master plan). According to the history of their development, urban structures fall into two major categories: evolutionary and impulse-based. Evolutionary category includes the cities which have developed gradually, without any significant spurts from the original core, through the long-term accumulation of complications. While the cities, which fall into the impulse-based category are characterized by a stage of sharp acceleration of development or a kind of a growth spurt, followed by either stabilization or a relative slowdown. Given the task set in this study, this category of the cities was selected as the object of further consideration. Based on the analysis of the source base, four basic factors of historical urban planning have been outlined, which can be considered as impulse factors in the form of clearly expressed changes - infrastructural, demographic, economic, myth-making. Taking Tenochtitlan, Stockholm and Alexandria as the example, the content and functional structure of infrastructural impulse changes have been outlined. By these we mean rethinking of life support systems, which leads to sharp population growth and employment diversification. To become a ‘growth spurt’ factor, such changes must contain a number of special qualities: convenience, accessibility and uniqueness. Convenience is the difference in the use of infrastructural benefits between the locality in which the impulse change takes place and other similar cities. Accessibility means the ability to use (access) the infrastructural benefits by as many residents as possible. While uniqueness stands for a feature or set of infrastructure features that are notably absent in the cities of the competing area.

scholarly journals Artificial Barriers of the Cities

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 35-38
Author(s):  
Martina Peřinková ◽  
Eva Slováková ◽  
Václav Potůček
Keyword(s):  
Urban Structure ◽  
Urban Structures ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pros And Cons

Urban structure is constantly changing. Its development was influenced by several important steps in history of any city. Up to interval of time, it is possible to accept the assessment of the pros and cons, but mainly emerging lessons for the future. When studying the map sources, the authors of the article found three main groups. These groups have got common working title barriers of the cities. For the single barriers of the cities were chosen the specific examples of urban structures on which the effects of their influence were demonstrated. On the basis of the influence of the three groups of barriers were defined two basic structures of the cities.

scholarly journals Changes in Maternal Weight 5–10 Years after a First Delivery

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 513-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E Britz ◽  
Kelly C McDermott ◽  
Christopher B Pierce ◽  
Joan L Blomquist ◽  
Victoria L Handa
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Reproductive Factors ◽  
Education History ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Maternal Weight ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Self Administered Questionnaire

Aim: The objective of this study was to identify maternal, obstetrical and reproductive factors associated with long-term changes in maternal weight after delivery. Materials & methods: Participants were enrolled in a longitudinal cohort study of maternal health 5–10 years after childbirth. Data were obtained from obstetrical records and a self-administered questionnaire. Weight at the time of first delivery (5–10 years prior) was obtained retrospectively and each woman's weight at the time of her first delivery was compared with her current weight. Results: Among 948 women, obesity was associated with race, parity, education, history of diabetes and history of cesarean at the time of first delivery. On average, the difference between weight at the time of first delivery and weight 5–10 years later was −11 kg (11 kg weight loss). In a multivariate model, black race and diabetes were associated with significantly less weight loss. Cesarean delivery, parity and breastfeeding were not associated with changes in maternal weight. Conclusion: Black women and those with a history of diabetes may be appropriate targets for interventions that promote a long-term healthy weight after childbirth.

scholarly journals Post-glacial acidification of two alpine lakes (Sudetes Mts., SW Poland), as inferred from diatom analyses

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-77
Author(s):  
Elwira Sienkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Anthropogenic Pollution ◽  
Mountain Lakes ◽  
Glacial Sediments ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Past environmental changes in mountain lakes can be reconstructed with the use of subfossil diatoms from post-glacial sediments. This study applied such an analysis to two mountain lakes in the Sudetes Mts. in Poland: Mały Staw (MS) and Wielki Staw (WS). Cores 882 cm long (MS) and 1100 cm long (WS) taken from the centre of each lake in 1982 were used to study the long-term acidification history of these lakes. Changes in vegetation indicate that the initial phase of MS started at the end of the Pleistocene. WS sediments began to accumulate shortly after that, at the beginning of the Holocene. The majority of the diatom assemblages are typical of oligotrophic acidic lakes located in alpine and arctic regions. A pH reconstruction based on diatoms (DI-pH) showed long-term acidification dating to almost the beginning of the lakes’ existence. Natural acidification began after the deglaciation, and the most intensive acidification continued to the end of the mid-Holocene. Through the whole period studied, pH decreased by 1.4 in MS and 0.9 in WS. After a period of relatively stable lake water pH, it decreased rapidly during the last few decades of the 20th century, due to anthropogenic pollution: pH declined by 0.7 in MS and 0.3 in WS. Mały Staw, being shallower, smaller, and with a larger drainage basin than Wielki Staw, is more sensitive to acid deposition; this accounts for the difference in pH.

Selectivity in International Criminal Law: An Assessment of the ‘Progress Narrative’

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 642-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre Vartan Armenian
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
International Criminal Law ◽  
Gradual Improvement ◽  
Short Period ◽  
History Of

The rapid development of international criminal law over a relatively short period of time has encouraged some commentators to construct linear, ‘progress narratives’ when writing on the history of the field. Such narratives depict international criminal law as subject to gradual improvement, starting as a highly politicised, abstract collection of principles, but eventually emerging as a neatly contoured, legitimate framework. However, from its inception, international criminal law has been inseparable from the selective application (or non-application) as well as selective creation (or non-creation) of law. Selectivity has taken numerous forms over the decades, and in some instances, has proven to be useful. However, as long as selectivity continues to exist, international criminal law will remain at odds with our wider conceptions of law.

scholarly journals THE CREATIVE WORK BY BIRUTĖ PALUKAITYTĖ-KASPERAVIČIENĖ, ONE OF THE FIRST LITHUANIAN URBAN PLANNERS / BIRUTĖS PALUKAITYTĖS-KASPERAVIČIENĖS, VIENOS PIRMŲJŲ LIETUVOS URBANISČIŲ, KŪRYBINĖS VEIKLOS PALIKIMAS

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Violeta Lakštauskienė
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Heritage Conservation ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Creative Work ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Urban Planner ◽  
Urban Structures

The article presents Birutė Palukaitytė-Kasperavičienė, one of the first urban planners in Lithuania. The article discloses the implemented projects by the urban planner, which received the letters of honor and different awards by the Soviet government. The peculiarities of urban structures created by this author are examined. The works by the urban planner are disclosed in the context of architecture and urban planning trends that prevailed in the Soviet period. A question is raised whether today, when discussions on the Soviet heritage conservation take place, we can identify the author’s work as a valuable feature of urban structure? Pristatoma Birutė Kasperavičienė – viena pirmųjų Lietuvos urbanisčių. Straipsnyje pateikiami įgyvendinti urbanistės projektai, tarybų valdžios įvertinti garbės raštais ir premijomis. Nagrinėjami autorės kurtų urbanistinių struktūrų savitumai. Atskleidžiama urbanistės kūryba tarybiniu laikotarpiu vyravusių architektūros ir miestų planavimo tendencijų kontekste. Keliamas klausimas, ar šiandien, vykstant sovietinio palikimo išsaugojimo diskusijoms, galime identifikuoti autorės kūrybą kaip miesto urbanistinės struktūros vertingąją savybę?

Fires in temperate peatlands (southern Quebec): past and recent trends

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Lavoie ◽  
Stéphanie Pellerin
Keyword(s):  
Fire History ◽  
Fire Regime ◽  
Fire Frequency ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Temperate Region ◽  
Forest Expansion ◽  
Short Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Recent Trends

In this study, we reconstructed the long-term fire history of a set of ombrotrophic peatlands (bogs) located in a temperate region of southern Quebec (Bas-Saint-Laurent). Past and recent fire-free intervals (time interval between two consecutive fires) were compared using macrofossil analyses. During most of the Holocene epoch, fires were relatively rare events in bogs of the Bas-Saint-Laurent region. The fire-free intervals were approximately ten times longer (all sites considered) before the beginning of agricultural activities in the region (1800 AD) than after. This strongly suggests an anthropogenic influence on the fire regime prevailing in the bogs over the last 200 years. However, the shortening of the fire-free intervals was mainly the result of the ignition of one or two fires in almost every site during a relatively short period (200 years), rather than a higher fire frequency in each of the bogs. In some cases, fires had an influence on the vegetation structure of bogs, but it is more likely that a combination of several disturbances (fire, drainage, and drier than average summers) favoured the establishment of dense stands of pine and spruce, a forest expansion phenomenon that is now widespread in temperate bogs.

FETAL UROLOGY AND PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS: CURRENT THEMES

2004 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-364
Author(s):  
DFM THOMAS
Keyword(s):  
Prenatal Diagnosis ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Posterior Urethral Valves ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Urinary Tract Malformations ◽  
Developed World

Isolated case reports of the prenatal detection of urinary tract malformations first appeared in the literature in the late 1970s and by the mid 1980s prenatal diagnosis had already become a firmly established feature of paediatric urological practice throughout the developed world. The rapid development of prenatal diagnosis of urinary tract malformations can be attributed to the relatively high incidence of congenital anomalies within this system and the fact that the common anomalies are usually associated with dilatation or cystic pathology which is readily visualised by ultrasound. Although many aspects of prenatal diagnosis have been clarified by studies undertaken over the last twenty years some important questions have yet to be fully resolved – for example the long term natural history of asymptomatic uropathies such as pelvi ureteric obstruction and the benefit (if any) of prenatal diagnosis in reducing long term burden of chronic renal failure associated with posterior urethral valves.

scholarly journals Attracting and retaining highly educated individuals: Two examples of immigration policies

2018 ◽  
pp. 627-638
Author(s):  
Јelena Predojevic-Despic
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Immigration Policies ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Selection Of

Ensuring more favourable conditions for immigration and circulation of the most educated structures of the foreign-born population has been rapidly becoming one of the most important goals of immigration policies in the economically developed countries. The availability of human capital is the basic precondition for the continuous economic development of every country. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to examine two successful examples (USA and Canada) of legal solutions to immigration policies for attracting and retaining professionals and highly educated individuals. Their bases are embedded in public policies relating immigrants of the majority of countries, both traditionally immigrant countries and the ones that have turned into immigrant countries. The USA and Canada are selected because they had relatively simple and quick procedures for granting immigrant visas back in the 1990s, which enabled a significant number of our highly educated citizens to immigrate to these two countries after the breakup of the former Yugoslavia. Immigration to the USA is based on a system of preferences and it relies significantly on the selection of immigrants based on the needs of the labour market. Canada?s example shows how through efficient development and in a relatively short period of time, the immigration system has been perfected by scoring, i.e. assessing the potential of human capital as the basic precondition for selecting potential immigrants. At the same time, the rapid development of the multiculturalism policy has created opportunities for successful long-term integration.

scholarly journals Impulse Development of Cities Caused by the Range of Certain Infrastructural Factors. Forms and Experience

2021 ◽  
Vol 1203 (3) ◽  
pp. 032069
Author(s):  
Bohdan Cherkes ◽  
Andriy Pavliv
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Support Systems ◽  
Functional Structure ◽  
Growth Spurt ◽  
Life Support Systems ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The issue of impulse development of cities caused by different infrastructural factors is considered.Taking Tenochtitlan, Stockholm and Alexandria as the example, the content and functional structure of infrastructural impulse changes have been outlined. By these we mean rethinking of life support systems, which leads to sharp population growth and employment diversification. To become a ‘growth spurt’ factor, such changes must contain a number of special qualities: convenience, accessibility and uniqueness. Convenience is the difference in the use of infrastructural benefits between the locality in which the impulse change takes place and other similar cities. Accessibility means the ability to use (access) the infrastructural benefits by as many residents as possible. While uniqueness stands for a feature or set of infrastructure features that are notably absent in the cities of the competing area.

Abstract P044: Ten-Year Blood Pressure Trajectories and Long-Term Risk of Cardiovascular Mortality: The Minnesota Business and Professional Men Study

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne M Tielemans ◽  
Johanna M Geleijnse ◽  
Hendriek C Boshuizen ◽  
Sabita S Soedamah-Muthu ◽  
Alessandro Menotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Time To Death ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Single Baseline ◽  
Cvd Mortality

Introduction: We characterised 10[[Unable to Display Character: ‑]]year trajectories of annual blood pressure (BP) measurements and studied the added value on long-term cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in comparison to a single baseline BP measurement. Methods: This study is based on data from 266 men, aged 45 to 55 years, who participated in the Minnesota Business and Professional Men Study. BP was measured annually between 1947[[Unable to Display Character: ‑]]1957, a time when only very high levels of BP were treated. Men who did not die before 1957 and did not have a history of myocardial infarction or stroke were included. We identified BP trajectories by means of finite mixture group-based trajectory modelling (PROC TRAJ in SAS). For each individual, time to death was defined as the difference in years between 1957 and year of death (the last man died in 2002). Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to examine BP trajectories in relation to CVD mortality. Results: All 266 men died and 142 (53.4%) from CVD, with mean (± sd) time to death 21±10 years. We identified four systolic BP trajectories with baseline mean systolic BP levels ranging from 112 (SBP1) to 165 (SBP4) mmHg. This difference of 53 mmHg in baseline systolic BP level was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.4 (95% CI: 1.5-3.8) for CVD mortality. From age 45 to 65, mean systolic BP levels of the four trajectories (Figure 1A) increased from 0.4 to 2.1 mmHg/year for SBP1 to SBP4. For systolic BP trajectories, the HR of CVD mortality increased from 1.6 (SBP2) to 4.2 (SBP4), compared to men in SBP1 (Figure 1A). A similar pattern was observed for diastolic BP (Figure 1B). Conclusion: In this population of middle[[Unable to Display Character: ‑]]aged US men, the increase in BP was strongest in those with the highest BP levels. Trajectories of BP predicted CVD mortality much better than a single BP measurement.

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